Nesodon

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Nesodon^[1]
Fossil range: late early Miocene

Promegatherium nanum and Nesodon

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	†Notoungulata
Family:	†Toxodontidae
Subfamily:	†Nesodontinae
Genus:	†Nesodon Owen, 1846

Type species

†Nesodon imbricatus

Species

†N. conspurcatus
†N. cornutus
†N. imbricatus

Synonyms

†Lithops Ameghino, 1887
†Adelphotherium Ameghino, 1887
†Gronotherium Ameghino, 1887
†Atryptherium Ameghino, 1887
†Rhadinotherium Ameghino, 1887
†Protoxodon Ameghino, 1887
†Acrotherium Ameghino, 1891
†Palaeolithops Ameghino, 1891
†Xotoprodon Ameghino, 1891
†Nesotherium Mercerat, 1891

Nesodon ("island tooth")^[2] is a genus of Miocene mammal belonging to the extinct order Notoungulata. Nesodon was an early member of the family Toxodontidae, which included the well-known Pleistocene genus Toxodon. Like almost all toxodontids, Nesodon was endemic to South America. In particular, fossils of Nesodon are known from late early Miocene (Santacrucian SALMA) deposits of Argentina and Chile.^[3]

Three species of Nesodon are recognized including a larger species, N. imbricatus, and a smaller species, N. conspurcatus.^[4] A poorly-known and possibly invalid third species, N. cornutus, was similar to N. imbricatus but may have had a small horn on its head. All species of Nesodon were larger than species of the contemporary toxodontid Adinotherium.

The dentition of Nesodon shows features typical of living grazing (grass-eating) mammals, but a study of wear on the enamel of N. imbricatus suggests that it was a browser (leaf eater) that may have supplemented its diet with fruit or bark.^[5]

[edit] Notes

^ range and species from Croft et al. (2004) pp. 4-5; synonyms from McKenna and Bell (1997), p. 460.
^ Palmer (1904) p. 457.
^ Croft et al. (2004), p. 5.
^ Croft et al. (2004), pp. 7-8.
^ Townsend & Croft (2008) p. 225.

[edit] References

Croft, D.A., Flynn, J.J. and Wyss, A.R. 2004. Notoungulata and Litopterna of the Early Miocene Chucal Fauna, Northern Chile. Fieldiana Geology 50(1):1-52. [1]
McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp. ISBN 0-231-11013-8
Palmer, T.S. 1904. Index Generum Mammalium: a List of the Genera and Families of Mammals. North American Fauna 23:1-984.
Townsend, K.E.B. and Croft, D.A. 2004. Diets of notoungulates from the Santa Cruz Formation, Argentina: new evidence from enamel microwear. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28(1):217-230. doi:10.1671%2F0272-4634(2008)28%5B217:DONFTS%52.0.CO%3B2 (HTML abstract)