Neon lamp
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A neon lamp is a gas discharge lamp containing primarily neon gas at low pressure. The term is sometimes used for similar devices filled with other noble gases, usually to produce different colors.
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[edit] Description
A small electric current, which may be AC or DC, is passed through the tube, causing it to glow orange-red. The exact formulation of the gas is typically the classic Penning mixture, 99.5% neon and 0.5% argon, which has lower striking voltage than pure neon. The applied voltage must initially reach the striking voltage before the lamp can light. Once lit, the voltage required to sustain operation is significantly (~30%) lower. When driven from a DC source, only the negatively charged electrode (cathode) will glow. When driven from an AC source, both electrodes will glow (each during alternate half cycles). Neon lamps operate using a low current glow discharge. Higher power devices, such as mercury-vapor lamps or metal halide lamps use a higher current arc discharge.
Once lit, a neon lamp has a negative resistance characteristic: increasing the current flow through the device increases the number of ions, thereby decreasing the resistance of the lamp and allowing even more current to flow. (This behavior occurs between the points labeled A and B on the lamp's current vs. voltage graph.) Because of this characteristic, electrical circuitry external to the neon lamp must provide a means to limit current flow through the circuit or else the current will rapidly increase until the lamp is destroyed. For indicator-sized lamps, a resistor is conventionally used to limit the current flow. Larger neon sign sized lamps often use a specially constructed high voltage transformer to limit the available current, usually by introducing a large amount of leakage inductance in the secondary winding.
When the current through the lamp is lower than the current for the highest-current discharge path, the glow discharge may become unstable and not cover the entire surface of the electrodes. This may be a sign of aging of the indicator bulb, and is exploited in the decorative "flicker flame" neon lamps. However, while too low a current causes flickering, too high a current increases the wear of the electrodes by stimulating sputtering, which coats the internal surface of the lamp with metal and causes it to darken.
The flickering effect is caused by the differences of the ionization potential of the gas, which depends on spacing of the electrodes, temperature, ambient radiation, and the pressure of the gas. The potential needed to strike the discharge is higher than what is needed to sustain the discharge. When there is not enough current to ionize the entire volume of the gas around the electrodes, only partial ionization occurs and the glow forms around only part of the electrode surface. Convective currents make the glowing areas flow upwards, not unlike the discharge in a Jacob's ladder. A photoionization effect can also be observed here, as the electrode area covered with the discharge can be increased by shining light at the lamp.
[edit] Applications
Most small neon (indicator-sized) lamps, such as the common NE-2, break down at between 90 and 110 volts. This feature enables their use as very simple voltage regulators or overvoltage protection devices. In the 1960s General Electric (GE), Signalite, and other firms made special extra-stable neon lamps for electronic uses. They even devised digital logic circuits, binary memories, and frequency dividers using neon lamps.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Such circuits appeared in electronic organs of the 1950s, as well as some instrumentation. At least some of these lamps had a glow concentrated into a small spot on the cathode, which made them unsuited to use as indicators. These were sometimes called "circuit-component" lamps, the other variety being indicators. A variant of the NE-2 type lamp, the NE-77, had three parallel wires (in a plane) instead of the usual two. It was also intended primarily to be a circuit component.
Small neon lamps are used as indicators in electronic equipment. Called "tuneons" in 1930s radio sets, they were fitted as tuning indicators, and would give a brighter glow as the station was tuned in correctly. Larger lamps are used in neon signage. Neon lamps, due to their low current consumption, are used as nightlights. Because of their comparatively fast response time, in the early development of television neon lamps were used as the light source in many mechanical-scan TV displays. They were also used for a variety of other purposes; since a neon lamp can act as a relaxation oscillator with an added resistor and capacitor, it can be used as a simple flashing lamp or audio oscillator. (See Pearson-Anson effect.) The use of neon lights in automobiles is becoming more common in today's growing custom car parts market. Neon lamps with several shaped electrodes were used as alphanumerical displays known as Nixie tubes. These have since been replaced by solid state devices. Novelty glow lamps with shaped electrodes (such as flowers and leaves), often coated with phosphors, have been made for artistic purposes. In some of these, the glow that surrounds an electrode is part of the design.
In AC-excited lamps, both electrodes produce light, but in a DC-excited lamp, only the negative electrode glows. Thus a neon lamp can be used to distinguish between AC and DC sources and to ascertain the polarity of DC sources.
Indicator-sized lamps can also be filled with argon, krypton, or xenon rather than neon, or mixed with it. While most operating characteristics remain similar, the lamps light with a bluish glow (including some ultraviolet) rather than neon's characteristic reddish-orange glow; the UV radiation then can be used to excite a phosphor coating of the inside of the bulb and provide a wide range of various colors, including white. A mixture of neon and krypton can be used for green glow.
[edit] History
Nikola Tesla displayed his neon lights at the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. His innovations in this type of light emission were not regularly patented. Georges Claude invented a neon lamp in 1902, and displayed it in public in 1910.
[edit] See also
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ J.W. Tuttle and C.R. Dougherty, ed.s, General Electric Glow Lamp Manual (East Cleveland, Ohio: General Electric Co., 1963). See especially the section "Logic and Computer Applications of Glow Lamps," which presents circuits using neon lamps in "and" gates, "or" gates, inverters, pulse generators, flip-flops, and ring counters. This section is available on-line at: http://computer-refuge.org/classiccmp/neon_lamp_logic/ . Click on "lamp.zip". The second (1966) edition of this booklet is available on-line here: http://www.tech-systems-labs.com/books/GE-lamps.pdf .
- ^ William G. Miller, Using and Understanding Miniature Neon Lamps (Indianapolis, Indiana: Howard W. Sams, 1969).
- ^ A.A. Vuylsteke, "Neon lamp flip-flop and binary counter," Electronics, vol. 26, page 248 (April 1953).
- ^ M.S. Raphael and A.S. Robinson, "Digital storage using neon tubes," Electronics, vol. 29, pages 162-165 (July 1956).
- ^ Charles E. Hendrix, "A study of the neon bulb as a nonlinear circuit element," Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers: Transactions on component parts, vol. 3, no. 2, pages 44-54 (September 1956). (Use of neon lamps in "and" and "or" gates.)
- ^ J.C. Manley and E.F. Buckley, "Neon diode ring counter," Electronics, vol. 23, pages 84-87 (January 1950).
- ^ R.L. Ives, "Neon oscillator rings," Electronics, vol. 31, pages 108-115 (10 October 1958).
- ^ C.E. Hendrix and R.B. Purcell, "Neon lamp logic gates play tic-tac-toe," Electronics, vol. 31, pages 68-69 (20 June 1958).
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