Neisseria

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Neisseria

Fluorescent antibody stain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Beta Proteobacteria
Order:	Neisseriales
Family:	Neisseriaceae
Genus:	Neisseria Trevisan, 1885

Neisseria is a genus of Gram (-) bacteria included among the proteobacteria, a large group of Gram-negative forms. Neisseria are diplococci that resemble coffee beans when viewed microscopically.^[1] The genus includes the species N. gonorrhoeae (also called the gonococcus), which causes gonorrhoea, and N. meningitidis (also called the meningococcus), one of the most common causes of bacterial meningitis and the causative agent of meningococcal septicaemia.

This genus also contains several, believed to be nonpathogenic species, like:

Neisseria cinerea
Neisseria elongata
Neisseria flavescens
Neisseria lactamica
Neisseria mucosa
Neisseria polysaccharea
Neisseria sicca
Neisseria subflava

[edit] History

The genus Neisseria is named after the German bacteriologist Albert Neisser, who discovered its first example, Neisseria gonorrheae, the pathogen which causes the human disease gonorrhea. Neisser also co-discovered the pathogen that causes leprosy, Mycobacterium leprae. These discoveries were made possible by the development of new staining techniques which he helped to develop.

[edit] Biochemical Indentification

All the medically significant species of Neisseria are positive for both catalase and oxidase. Different Neisseria species can be identified by the sets of sugars from which they will produce acid. For example, N. gonorrheae makes acid from only glucose, however N. meningitidis produces acid from both glucose and maltose.

Polysaccharide capsule N. meningitidis has a polysaccharide capsule that surrounds the outer membrane of the bacterium and protects against soluble immune effector mechanisms within the serum. It is considered to be an essential virulence factor for the bacteria.