Navies of landlocked countries

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A landlocked navy is a naval force operated by a country which does not have a coastline. While such countries are obviously unable to develop a sea-going blue-water navy, they may still deploy armed forces on major lakes or rivers.

There are a number of reasons a landlocked country may choose to maintain a navy. If a river or lake forms a national border, countries may feel the need to protect and patrol that border with a military force. In some regions, roads may be unreliable or circuitous, and a river or lake may be the easiest way to move military forces around the country. Sometimes, possession of a body of water may actually be contested — for example, countries around the landlocked Caspian Sea have different views of how ownership should be divided.

The ships employed by landlocked navies are usually, of necessity, small. Patrol boats of various types are the most common craft. Some landlocked navies possess troop or vehicle transports, allowing ground forces to cross or travel along a lake or river.

Landlocked countries that have navies include:

Azerbaijan — although Azerbaijan borders the Caspian Sea, the Caspian does not connect to the ocean — by some definitions, this makes the country landlocked. The Azerbaijan Navy operates on the Caspian Sea. In 2003, Russia's Volga-Don Canal was used to deliver a cutter gifted by the US Government to the Azerbaijan Navy.^[1]
Bolivia — the Bolivian Navy is the largest navy maintained by a landlocked country, having several thousand personnel. When the force was established, Bolivia had access to the Pacific Ocean, but it lost control of its coastal territory in the War of the Pacific. Now, the Bolivian Navy patrols Lake Titicaca and Bolivia's larger rivers. It also has a small fleet in the Argentinian city of Rosario. To some Bolivians, the Navy serves as a symbol that the country has not given up on regaining its lost access to the sea.
Central African Republic — a small naval force is maintained on the Ubangi River, a tributary of the Congo River. The Ubangi River forms the country's border with Congo-Kinshasa, and is a significant transport route.
Kazakhstan — although Kazakhstan borders the Caspian Sea, the Caspian does not connect to the ocean — by some definitions, this makes the country landlocked. Kazakhstan operates a small navy on the Caspian Sea.
Laos — the Lao People's Navy operates vessels on the Mekong River, a major feature of the country's geography. It is believed to operate two or three dozen small patrol boats. Because the Mekong makes up a considerable portion of the Lao border, the Navy is significantly involved in border control work.
Paraguay — the Paraguayan military operates a navy of around a dozen vessels and has several thousand personnel. It operates on the country's major rivers, notably the Paraguay River and the Paraná River. In theory, the Paraguayan navy could reach the open sea by travelling downriver through Argentina. The Paraguayan Navy served in the War of the Triple Alliance and the Chaco War.
Rwanda — a small Navy patrols Lake Kivu, between Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo. It was involved in the Second Congo War.
Serbia — following the recent split with Montenegro, Serbia became a landlocked country. Montenegro whose territory sits by the Adriatic sea has inherited nearly all naval components of the former union. Serbia however was not left without any naval property at all. It inherited a flotilla of river patrol and assault ships which operate on the Danube River. Currently it functions as a real seafaring navy would, with all the ranks and positions of a much larger and complex navy.
Turkmenistan — although Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea, the Caspian does not connect to the ocean — by some definitions, this makes the country landlocked. Turkmenistan operates a small navy on the Caspian Sea.
Uganda — the Ugandan navy operates on Lake Victoria.

Other countries may operate water-based military forces without actually establishing an independent navy — instead, responsibility may be given to a branch of a different service, often the army. Examples of landlocked countries which do this include Burundi (on Lake Tanganyika), Malawi (on Lake Malawi), and Switzerland (on Lake Geneva, Lake Maggiore and Lake Constance). Hungary once maintained military forces on the River Danube, but has effectively ceased this practice.

Naturally, the operation of military forces in lakes and rivers is not limited to landlocked countries — many states maintain such forces (e.g. Russia's Caspian Flotilla) in addition to their sea-going navy. River-based forces are often referred to as brown-water navies, and may or may not be part of the same organisation as the sea-going navy.