Napoleon Tiara
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A "gift" from Napoleon.
The Napoleon Tiara was a papal tiara given to Pope Pius VII by Emperor Napoleon I in 1804 to mark his wedding to Joséphine de Beauharnais.
The tiara, which was of traditional papal tiara design, was designed and manufactured by Henry August and Marie-Etienne Nitot of the House of Chaumet in Paris. Some of the jewels and decoration for this tiara came from earlier tiaras smashed and stolen by the troops of the French Directory in 1798. The great emerald stolen by Napoleon's troops, which had once been on the Tiara of Pope Julius II, was placed on the tiara in the monde.
Tiaras were traditionally in the region of 2 to 5 lb (1 to 2.5 kg) in weight. The Napoleon Tiara, however, was made a massive 18 lb (8 kg). In addition it was made too small to fit comfortably on a pope's head. It was speculated that both its weight and size were chosen to humiliate the pope, who could not wear such a tiara, or if he did, would risk serious neck injury.
In any case, neither Pius VII nor his successor ever considered wearing it for reasons unconnected with its size and weight. They saw it as the product of Napoleon's theft as it was made up of pieces of past tiaras French troops had smashed and stolen in 1798. In addition it was a "gift" of someone who had driven Pius's predecessor into exile, had stolen the Vatican Archives and forced Pius against his will to preside over Napoleon's coronation. In addition it was made to commemorate the marriage of Napoleon to a woman Rome saw as his mistress, with whom they believed he had been "living in sin" contrary to God's law.[citations needed]
The tiara originally contained three inscriptions glorifying Napoleon. After the fall of Napoleon Cardinal Consalvi, the Cardinal Secretary of State, ordered the removal of the inscriptions.[citations needed]
The tiara, which cost 180,000 francs in 1804, was valued at $50,000 in 1903.
The Vatican later adjusted the size of the tiara to enable later popes to wear it. It was used as the coronation tiara for a number of popes, most notably Pope Pius IX on 21 June 1846.[1] It was last worn in the First Vatican Council in 1870.[2]
With the exception of the emerald in the monde, all the jewels placed in the tiara on Napoleon's orders, most of them originally stolen from the Vatican, were removed on papal orders and replaced by replicas made of coloured glass on the orders of Pope Benedict XV. The jewels were then sold, with the money raised used to aid victims of the First World War.[3]
[edit] footnotes
- ^ he United States Catholic Magazine And Monthly Review, Volume V, 1846, p.454.
- ^ Notes and Queries, A Medium of Intercommunication for Literary Men, General Readers, Etc., Eighth Series, Volume Ninth, January-June 1896, London, Jan. 4th, 1896, pgs. 9, 10, article by Hartwell de la Garde Grissell, Papal Chamberlain of Honour, beginning in 1869, to both Pius IX and Leo XIII.
- ^ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Feb. 3, 2006.
[edit] See also
|
|||||
