Name day
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Name days are a tradition of attaching personal names to each day of the year, and celebrating the association of particular days with those for whom that day is named. It is common in many parts of Europe. The tradition originates from the Christian church calendar and the tradition to name children after saints, although in many countries there is no longer a connection to the church.[1][2]
Contents |
[edit] History
The celebration of name days has been a tradition in Catholic countries since the Middle Ages, and has also continued in some measure in the countries which adopted a reformed catholic faith (rather than strictly Protestant) at the Reformation - countries such as England and the Scandinavian states. The name days originate in the list of holidays celebrated in commemoration of saints and martyrs of the Catholic Church. For example, the name Karl or Carl (celebrated in Sweden on January 28) was originally Carolus Magnus, the Latin form of Charlemagne, and a commemoration of his death on this date. The church promoted celebration of name days (or rather saints' days) over birthdays, as the latter was seen as a pagan tradition.
Where name days occur an official list is held containing the current assignations of names to days. There are different lists for Finnish, Swedish, Sami, and other countries that celebrate namedays, though some names are celebrated on the same day in many countries. From the 18th century and onwards the list of name days has been modified in Sweden and Finland, but not in other countries.
[edit] Name days in various countries
[edit] English-speaking Countries
Name days in English-speaking countries
There hasn't been a tradition of celebrating name days in English-speaking countries. One reason for this is the vast range of names that are given to children in England, the USA, Australia etc. In most European countries, particularly those from the former Eastern bloc, it is only possible to select a child's name from an approved list. Even where there isn't a rule in place, there is usually a tradition of naming after a grandparent etc. However, it is possible to link English names to Saint's Feast Days and happynameday.com has done just that.
[edit] Bulgaria
Name days in Bulgaria are associated almost always with Bulgarian Eastern Orthodox celebrations. Some names can be celebrated on more than one day and some have even started following foreign traditions (like Valentina being celebrated on the Catholic St. Valentine's day). Name days in Bulgaria are as important and as widely celebrated as birthdays. Bulgarian tradition says that everybody is welcome on name days; there is no need to invite guests.
[edit] Czech Republic
In the Czech Republic, each day of the year corresponds to a personal date (or several names). People celebrate their name day (svátek or more formally jmeniny) on the date corresponding to their own given name.
Name days are commonly of less importance than birthdays to Czech people. However, name day celebrations can be, and often are, held together with friends or co-workers of the same name and in this way it can grow in size and importance.
In the past, by law, parents were not allowed to choose just any name for a child. This has changed, although it is still common to choose the name from the name day calendar. The original list was the Roman Catholic calendar of saints, but changes have been made to reflect the present-day usage of names.
[edit] Finland
Today Finns celebrate their name days (or nimipäivä) according to their given name on the date given by the calendar published by the University of Helsinki Almanac Office (Almanakkatoimisto). Every day except New Year's Day, Christmas Day, and February 29 is a name day. For each day there are names in both Finnish and Swedish; the names are frequently, but not always, cognates.
Women are slightly underrepresented in the calendar: approximately 45 per cent of name days celebrate only women while some 49 per cent are name days of men. The rest are those of names that may be given to either sex, such as Rauni (July 15th), or have both a man's and a woman's name, such as Oliver and Olivia (May 29th).
Many traditional beliefs attach to various name days, especially involving the weather and the appropriate times to perform seasonal agricultural tasks such as planting some particular crop. For example there is a saying that "Jaakko (James) casts a cold rock into the water", meaning that on Jaakko's day, the 25th of July, the waters start getting colder, which is not far from true on average. The seven days from July 18th to 24th, being all women's name days, are known as the women's week. It is popularly believed to be an especially rainy week, and this is to some extent supported by statistics, as late July and early August are the rainiest time of the year in Finland.
The Almanac Office reviews the lists every year, adding new names as they gain popularity and striking others that have faded into disuse. The university owns the copyright to the lists of names and their corresponding dates.
The Finnish Orthodox Church has its own calendar of name days, corresponding to the feasts of Orthodox saints.
[edit] Greece
In Greece (especially Crete) and Cyprus, name days (η γιορτή) are celebrated in a similar way to birthdays.[2]
According to the Orthodox Church, every day of the year has been dedicated to the memory of a saint or a martyr from the Holy Bible and Holy Tradition. If someone is named after a saint, then there is a big celebration on his or her name day. Gifts are given, festive meals and desserts are prepared, and special preparations are made for an open house in some parts of Greece. Many times, particularly in the North, name days are focused more on the saint, rather than just the individual. Greek-Macedonians commonly wait for people to come to their home for mezedes and serve their guests. It is typical to give children (up to about 14) money as a small gift. On name days and birthdays, the person being celebrated arranges parties and serves the guests, instead of the guests fussing over the honorary person. Usually, name days are on the same date, every year. These are the non-floating name days. There are some floating name days, based on the Orthodox holiday calendar, that every year are on a different date.
[edit] Hungary
Name days (in Hungarian: névnap) in Hungary are very popular, often as much as a person's actual birthdate. A woman is typically given flowers on her name day by acquaintances, including in the workplace, and the price of flowers often rises around the dates of popular names because of demand.
[edit] Latvia
In Latvia, name days (in Latvian "vārdadienas") are settled on certain dates; each day (except for February 29 in leap year) is a name day.[3] Usually Latvian calendars list up to four names each day - around 1,000 names a year. Recently an extended calendar with around 5,000 names was published, and there are also a few extended calendars found on the Internet listing names even on February 29. February 29 is a popular date to celebrate name days of people who do not have a name day; another such date is May 22. People who do not have name days in ordinary calendars can enjoy many variations when to celebrate - on February 29 or May 22 and, if they have their name in an extended calendar or in the church calendar, on the date listed there (so in leap year such a person can choose from 2 to 4 dates when to celebrate). The Latvian name days calendar is updated at one or two-year intervals; anyone can suggest a name for the calendar, usually by sending an application to the State Language Centre ("Valsts valodas centrs").
Celebrations are quite like birthday celebrations. It is popular to celebrate name days in one's workplace - usually the one that has a name day prepares snacks for well-wishers, and during the day colleagues arrive one after another with flowers, sweets and small presents to greet him. Sometimes, especially in smaller companies, a certain time is set for the main celebrations. At school one is expected to arrive with candy for classmates and teachers. Celebrating name days at home is not as popular as celebrating a birthday, although it may vary depending on the period of time between one's birthday and name day; usually one will eat cake with household members and receive presents.
[edit] Poland
In Poland, name days (imieniny in Polish) are widely celebrated, and most calendars contain the names celebrated each day. Name day celebrations in Poland traditionally involve a gathering of friends and family at the celebrant's home at the dinner table, followed by drinking and socializing, similarly to birthday celebrations. The song "Sto lat" is sometimes sung. Child celebrants, and often adults too, receive presents, just like on their birthday. Celebrating birthdays is very popular, too.
[edit] Russia
In Russia, name days (именины /imeniny/ in Russian) have been celebrated apart from birthdays. Some calendars contain name days, but usually one must buy a special name day calendar. Celebrations range from cards and flowers to full-blown celebrations similar to birthday parties.[1] Such a celebration begins with attendance at the divine services marking that day (in the Russian tradition, the All-Night Vigil and Divine Liturgy), and usually with a festive party thereafter. Before the October Revolution, the name day was considered as important, or more important, as the celebration of the birthday. The rationale for this importance is that one's baptism is the event by which they are "born anew" in Christ. In modern times, however, few people know the traditions associated with it.
[edit] Scandinavia
During medieval times name days were of little significance in the Nordic countries, except for the celebration of patron saints for various guilds. A more widespread celebration of name days began in the 17th century, at first in the royal court and among aristocracy, but successively also among the general population. The Church of Sweden promoted celebration of name days over birthdays, as the latter was seen as a pagan tradition.
[edit] Slovakia
In Slovakia name days are widely celebrated. The person get to choose a cake and with friends and family they eat it in family atmosphere. Also celebrations in workplace, or school are commonplace. Flowers are sometimes sold out for popular name days.
[edit] Slovenia
Name days (called god, n., m., sing.) were widely celebrated, and preferred over birthday celebrations, until after WW II and the advent of Communism. In rural areas as well as among certain strata of town people the custom of celebrating name days lasted longer. Nowadays, while the tradition has not been completely obliterated, name days are celebrated mostly among older people.
[edit] Sweden
From the 18th century onwards, names used by the royal family were introduced to the Swedish list of name days, followed by other common names. In 1901 a comprehensive modernization was made to make list up to date with current names. The monopoly on almanacs, held by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, expired in 1972 and so did the official name day list. Competing name day lists began to emerge but the official list was still in general use until 1986 when consensus of a new list with three names on each day was reached. This list was revised in 1993 and reduced to two names on each day. However, widespread dissatisfaction with the list prompted the Swedish Academy to compile a new two-name list which was finally accepted and brought into use in 2001. Although it does not have the official status of the 1901 or older lists, it is now universally used in Sweden.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ a b Sophie Koulomzin (1980), Many Worlds: A Russian Life, St Vladimir's Seminary Press, ISBN 0913836729, <http://books.google.com/books?id=fUXi5H0zsf0C&pg=PA29&ots=pryHzhfcWo&dq=Namesdays&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html&sig=WGWIYoaLOeuiDK73BydHaK8nO8U>
- ^ a b Anne R. Kaplan, Marjorie A. Hoover, Willard Burgess Moore (1986), The Minnesota Ethnic Food Book, Minnesota Historical Society, ISBN 0873511980, <http://books.google.com/books?id=qdyDscbzvV0C&pg=PA173&ots=PhljpU3pfn&dq=Namesdays&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html&sig=E8kg9stRHryNQ26_JyBG3-5VWec>
- ^ Latvian Culture Portal: Traditional Festivities.
[edit] External links
- (English) Hungarian Name Days by date.
- (English) Bulgarian Name Days by date.
- (English) Swedish Name Days by date.
