Musica ficta
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In European music prior to about 1600, musica ficta (from Latin, 'false' or 'feigned' music) referred to chromatically altered pitches, not notated in the music, which were to be supplied by performers.
Simply put, musica ficta were notes outside of the diatonic modal system in use in a given piece, and which were used to avoid harsh harmonic or melodic intervals (for example the tritone, the 'diabolus in musica'). An example would be the use of a B-flat instead of a B-natural, in order to avoid a tritone against an F in another part. In modern transcriptions of Medieval and Renaissance music, these notes are almost invariably indicated with accidentals, since modern singers cannot possibly receive the kind of training given to singers seven hundred years ago; only small portions of that training can be reconstructed from fragmentary and often contradictory sources.
The exact performance practice of musica ficta, where and when they were used, is a matter of intense investigation and controversy among musicological scholars; it has been controversial, and is likely to remain so, for a long time. Music theorists from Odo of Cluny in the 10th century to Zarlino in the 16th century give highly different rules and situations for application of ficta. The controversy is not only among contemporary musicologists; theorists of the Late Middle Ages were never in agreement on the rules of ficta either. 13th century music theorist Johannes de Garlandia and 14th century theorist Philippe de Vitry both wrote that ficta were essential in singing polyphony, but resisted their use in plainchant, while early 14th century theorist Jacques de Liège insisted that notes in plainchant needed to be altered with judicious application of musica ficta.
The use of ficta originated with the difference between B-flat and B-natural, which was integrated in medieval theory and in practical teaching as part of the system of hexachords. However, rules of cadencing and tritone avoidance could also require other notes to become altered under certain circumstances.
13th century theorists divided the use of ficta into two general categories: causa necessitatis (ficta supplied by necessity, for example to avoid a dissonant interval); and causa pulchritudinis (ficta supplied for reason of beauty). Sometimes a melodic phrase simply sounds better, or sounded better to a trained 13th-century ear, when it is smoothed out by judicious application of ficta.
In particular, contrapuntal treatises of the Renaissance, such as that of Johannes Tinctoris, counseled resolution at cadences through the largest possible sixth into the octave, which in many cases requires the upper voice to use a sharp in order to form the major sixth (see dyadic counterpoint). At such points, accidentals were in fact sometimes notated in the 14th and early 15th centuries.
It was formerly believed that such treatises were addressed to composers; now, by further examination of their Latin texts, many musicologists have concluded that they were in fact speaking to performers, both of notated and improvised polyphony.
As an example of a related contemporary performance practice, Sacred Harp singing contains a situation similar in concept to ficta, involving the non-notated raising of the sixth scale degree in a minor mode (resulting in a Dorian inflection); new singers must be taught to do this by ear.
In effect, any folk singer from different parts of the world could use the same way of thinking, which leads to the interesting fact that musica ficta existed centuries before the principle of temperament.
[edit] Further reading
- Article "musica ficta," in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. ISBN 1-56159-174-2
- The New Harvard Dictionary of Music, ed. Don Randel. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1986. ISBN 0-674-61525-5
- Richard H. Hoppin, Medieval Music. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1978. ISBN 0-393-09090-6
- Gaston Allaire, Ph. D - Ficta Music : http://www.allairefictamusic.com/
