Murder of Maxwell Confait
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The investigation into the murder of Maxwell Confait was a case which raised questions about police procedures, how police adhered to the procedures already stipulated and caused a major review in how suspects are treated, particularly children and "the educationally subnormal".
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[edit] Details of the case
The London Fire Brigade was called to 27 Doggett Road, Catford, Southeast London, SE6, the home of Maxwell Confait, at 0121hrs on 22 April 1972.
The fire was extinguished by 1:31 am and the Metropolitan Police arrived at 01:45 am, followed by a police surgeon at 2:00 am.
One of the fire brigade team found the body of a mixed race man in his twenties in the upstairs back bedroom of the house behind a locked door. The next day, the identity of the man was found to be that of Maxwell Confait, 26 years old, a homosexual prostitute and transvestite who preferred to use the name "Michelle".
The police surgeon found the cause of death of Maxwell Confait to be from asphyxia. Mr Confait's lips were blue and there were marks where he had been strangled with rope or cord. Later, a lamp was discovered in a cupboard under the stairs and the flex in the dressing table drawer of the room where Maxwell Confait was discovered.
The police surgeon did not take the rectal temperature to establish the time of death because the senior policeman suspected that Mr Confait was a "possible homosexual" and he did not wish to destroy any evidence of recent sexual activity.
The police surgeon estimated the time of death to have been between 8:00 pm and 10:00 the previous night. The forensic pathologist, Professor James Cameron, estimated the time of death to have been between 7:45 pm and 11:45 pm the previous night.
The police found that the fire had been started by the deliberate igniting of a petrol can under the stairs.
[edit] Investigation
The first suspect was Maxwell Confait's landlord, Mr Winston Goode. The two men had first met in a public house in Lewisham in 1970 shortly after Goode had broken up with his wife.
In 1972, Michelle moved into Mr Goode's house, Mr Goode sharing in Michelle's fondness of wearing women's clothes. Michelle paid £2.50 per week in rent.
When the fire broke out, Mr Goode had been asleep. Upon waking up, he evacuated his wife and children (who were still living there) from the house. He then set off towards Catford Bridge railway station to telephone for the police. Mrs Goode sent a neighbour to help the distraught Mr Goode.
During the police interviews, Mr Goode inadvertently mentioned that he knew of Confait's plans to move out. He admitted to being jealous but denied any homosexual relationship. A couple of days later, Goode was admitted to Bexley Psychiatric Hospital in a confused and traumatised state and was unable to remember the previous few days. Later he committed suicide by swallowing cyanide.
[edit] Suspects
On Monday 24 April 1972, there were a number of fires in the area:
- alongside the railway line near Catford Bridge railway station
- in a small sports hut on Ladywell Fields
- a house in the next street, 1 Neigarde Road.
The police very quickly apprehended an eighteen year-old man, Colin Lattimore, who had a mental age of eight. Lattimore admitted to lighting the fire at Doggett Road with his friend, Ronnie. Ronnie Leighton, aged 15, and their friend, 14 year-old Ahmet Salih were taken into police custody.
Despite the law stipulating that "As far as practicable, children (whether suspected of a crime or not) should only be interviewed in the presence of a parent or guardian, or, in their absence, some person who is not a police officer and is of the same sex as the child", all three of them were questioned without any other adult being present.
Lattimore and Salih accused the police of hitting them. Lattimore suffered a nosebleed and Salih cried. Leighton also claimed to have been a victim of police violence. Lattimore and Salih both admitted to starting the fire. Lattimore admitted to the murder of Maxwell Confait but Salih only confessed to observing the murder.
[edit] Trial
By 25 April 1972, the police considered the case solved. After a preliminary hearing at Woolwich Magistrates Court, Colin and Ronnie were sent to Ashford Remand Centre on charges of murder. Ahmet was released on police bail for arson.
The families of the three boys and their legal representatives fought the case at trial. All three boys had alibis for the time which the police surgeon and the pathologist had estimated the time of death, so if the medical experts were right, these boys could not have committed the crime.
In court, Professor Cameron changed his opinion concerning time of death, saying it could have been as late as 1:00 am and that the heat of the fire could have speeded up the onset of rigor mortis. Usually the rectal temperature would be heavily relied on, although it had not been taken in this case.
In court at the Old Bailey on 11 November 1972, the jury found Colin Lattimore guilty of manslaughter (on grounds of diminished responsibility) and two counts of arson (Doggett Road and Ladywell Fields). He was ordered to be detained indefinitely under the Mental Health Act and was sent to Rampton Hospital.
Ronnie Leighton was found guilty of arson at Doggett Road and Ladywell fields, and also of burglary at a nearby address in Sangley Road, SE6. He was sent to Aylesbury Prison for a life sentence.
Ahmet Salih was found guilty of the same offences as Ronnie Leighton, but was sent to Royal Philanthropic School, Redhill for a four-year sentence on account of his age.
On 26th July 1973, Lord Justice James refused leave to appeal saying that "there was no misdirection in the summing up to the jury and no representation of facts which can be relied upon as justifying the grant of leave to appeal". Implicitly, the charges against the police of violence were dismissed.
[edit] Reexamination of Cases
Colin Lattimore's father, insistent that his son was innocent, wrote many letters including to the Queen, Prime Minister and Home Secretary. His Member of Parliament, Mr Carol Johnson, MP, wrote to the Home Office.
Meanwhile, the General Election on February 1974 brought Roy Jenkins and Alex Lyons into the Home Office, both of whom were committed to reviewing miscarriages of Justice. The new Member of Parliament for Lewisham was Christopher Price, MP, who had been working for Thames Television and after leaving parliament became Principal of Leeds Metropolitan University. The National Council for Civil Liberties had also become became interested in the case and, with Mr Price, contacted one of the leading pathologists in the country, Professor Donald Teare. Following a meeting between Mr Price, Mr Lyon and home office officials, a 30 minute documentary of this case was made for Thames Television during which Teare stated that Maxwell Confait died between 6:30 pm and 10:30 pm without question. Another contemporary pathologist, Professor Keith Simpson was brought in, who broadly agreed with those of Professor Teare.
During the spring of 1974, following a convention that that home secretaries sought the advice of the Lord Chief Justice before referring cases back to the Court of Appeal, Lord Widgery gave his opinion that this case could properly be referred back. On 18 June 1975, Roy Jenkins announced in parliament that he was referring the case to the Appeal Court.
After a week of evidence in the Royal Courts of Justice and another week of court being adjourned for a verdict to be reached, all three suspects were found not guilty of all charges and promptly freed. Lord Scarman criticised the police for their handling of the case, claiming that they should have put more emphasis on the fact that there had been no struggle, suggesting that Maxwell Confait had known his killer. In his final judgement, he declared all three of the young men "innocent". The Home Secretary then ordered a further police enquiry into the case under Peter Fryer, of the Derbyshire Police, who later became Assistant Chief Constable of West Mercia. He made no arrests and the case remained unsolved. After the acquittals by the Appeal Court, Jenkins ordered a full enquiry. Sir Henry "Harry" Fisher (1918--2005), a former High Court Judge who later became President of Wolfson College, Oxford was chosen to chair it. His primary remit was to make recommendations about the Judges' Rules stipulating how police should treat suspects, particularly children and "the educationally subnormal" which was "palpably in need of review". He only accepted the chairmanship, however, on condition that he should also be free to find any individual guilty of the crime on ‘balance of probability’. In spite of opposition from some civil servants, he was allowed to proceed on this basis. In his report, he made a number of recommendations to improve the ‘Judges Rules’. But he also found two of the defendants, whom Scarman had declared ‘innocent’ in the Appeal Court, ‘guilty on balance of probability’. Because this statement was potentially libellous, the report was, exceptionally, published as a “Return to the House of Commons” which made it immune from litigation in the courts of justice. Fisher’s conclusions led to the setting up of another enquiry, the Royal Commission of Criminal Procedure (1979 - 1981) which itself led to the enactment - on a bipartisan basis - of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, the Prosecution of Offences Act 1985 and the establishment of the Crown Prosecution Service.
Two years later, on 20th February 1980, Detective Chief Superintendent EJ George and Inspector E Ellison presented a report to the Director of Public Prosecutions identifying Douglas Franklin as being Confait’s murderer and Paul Pooley as a witness of the murder; and confirming that the time of death estimated by Professors Cameron, Teare and Simpson to be to be wrong. They had all assumed that rigor mortis was commencing immediately after the discovery of the fire. In fact Confait’s body had been dead for over 48 hours when it was found and rigor mortis was wearing off. Two eminent forensic pathologists, Professors Alan Usher and Keith Mant confirmed this conclusion, citing the discoloration of the organs of the body at the which indicated a gap of 72 hours between death and post mortem. In their report George and Ellison said ‘but for the arrest of the three youths by the original murder enquiry team’ … ‘in all probability Douglas Franklin would have emerged at an early stage as a major suspect.‘ Shortly after his interviews with George and Ellison, Franklin committed suicide. In August 1980, Sir Michael Havers prepared a statement to Parliament declaring the three young men innocent. When he sent for Fisher asking him to concur with this statement. Fisher adamantly refused to do so. In his obituary of Fisher, Louis Blom Cooper, QC, who had represented the three young men at the Appeal and the Enquiry wrote: ‘Commendably, Harry Fisher never sought to defend his findings to me, and I had quite a lot to do with him when we were respectively, and amicably, President and Chairman of the Howard League for Penal Reform from 1983 to 1984. He acknowledged, by implication, that he had got egg on his face‘. Fisher’s career, however, had been an exemplary one. He was the eldest of six sons of Geoffrey Fisher, at the time of Harry's birth the headmaster of Repton, later Bishop of Chester and of London, and Archbishop of Canterbury. He went to school at Marlborough and went on to Christ Church, Oxford where in 1938 he obtained a First in Classical Honour Moderations. His Lit Hum studies were curtailed by the war, and after a year and a half he took a War Degree (unclassified). In 1940 he joined the Leicester Regiment and remained with it until 1946. He was posted to India and served also in Burma and Malaya. He left the army in 1946 with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, having been mentioned in despatches. He read for the Bar and was called by the Inner Temple in 1946. In the same year he entered the Prize Fellowship examination at All Souls, applying as a candidate in Law, even though he had not read for a Law degree. He was elected in November 1946 and began a long connection with the college in various categories of fellowship. Between 1961 and 1966 he held the office of Estates Bursar, at a time when he was working as a silk and regularly appearing in court and giving advice. Fisher was a junior counsel from 1946 to 1960, in which year he took silk. After service on the Bar Council he was Chairman of the Bar from 1966 to 1968. At the beginning of 1968 Harry Fisher accepted appointment as a High Court Judge in the Queen's Bench division. In July 1968 he was the junior member in a Court of Appeal decision that quashed the conviction for obscenity entered against the publishers of Last Exit to Brooklyn. This case sounded the death knell for prosecutions on the grounds of obscenity of books with literary merit. Much of his time on the bench was spent out of London trying criminal cases, and living in judges' lodgings. Missing the intellectual challenge of arguing complex cases he concluded that he had made a mistake and resigned from his judicial appointment in 1970. He moved to the City becoming a director of J. Henry Schroder Wagg & Co under the chairmanship of his friend Gordon Richardson (later Governor of the Bank of England). From 1981 to 1987 he was Chairman of the Appeal Committee of the Take-over Panel, and founder chairman of Imro (the Investment Management Regulatory Organisation). In 1973 he became a member of the Governing Body of Imperial College, and from 1975 to 1988 was its chairman. In 1975 he was elected President of Wolfson College, Oxford, on the retirement of its founding president, Isiah Berlin. It was this position which Harry Fisher put first in his Who's Who entry. He presided over Wolfson's move from temporary premises to its newly completed buildings on the banks of the Cherwell. During his time at Wolfson he took and completed an Open University degree in mathematics. He was chairman of the Howard League for Penal Reform from 1983 to 1991. In 1979 Fisher was asked by Lloyd's of London to conduct an inquiry into self-regulation at the institution. The following year his report recommended the adoption of a new constitution which he had drafted, including the creation of a new governing council and effective disciplinary procedures. It brought in protection for council members from claims for negligence: liability was made to depend on bad faith.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
[edit] References
Lane, Brian (1992); The Murder Guide to London: Detailed accounts of the capital's most gruesome and bizarre murders; Magpie, London; ISBN 1-85813-064-6.
