Mstislav Rostropovich

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Mstislav Rostropovich playing the Duport Stradivarius at the White House in 1978.
Mstislav Rostropovich playing the Duport Stradivarius at the White House in 1978.

Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich KBE (Russian: Мстисла́в Леопо́льдович Ростропо́вич, Mstislav Leopol'dovič Rostropovič, IPA: [rəstrɐ'pɔ̝vʲɪ̝ʨ]), (March 27, 1927 – April 27, 2007), known to close friends as “Slava,” was a Russian cellist and conductor. He was married to the soprano Galina Vishnevskaya. He is widely considered to have been one of the greatest cellists of the 20th century.

Contents

[edit] Biography

[edit] Early years

Rostropovich was born in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, USSR, to ethnic Russian parents who moved there from Orenburg.[1] His father, Leopold, was also partly of Belarusian-Polish noble descent.[2] That part of his family bore the Bogorya coat of arms, which was located at the family palace in Skotniki, Masovian Voivodeship. He grew up in Baku and spent his youth there. During World War II his family moved back to Orenburg and then in 1943 to Moscow.[3]

At age of four Rostropovich learned the piano with his mother, a talented pianist. He started the cello at the age of 10 with his father, who was also a renowned cellist and former student of Pablo Casals.[4]

From 1943 to 1948, he studied at the Moscow Conservatory, where he became professor of cello in 1956. He entered the Moscow Conservatory at the age of 16, and studied not only the piano and the cello, but also conducting and composition. Among his teachers were Dmitri Shostakovich and Sergei Prokofiev. In 1945 he came to prominence as a cellist when he won the gold medal in the first ever Soviet Union competition for young musicians.[4]

[edit] First concerts

Mstislav Rostropovich with wife Galina Vishnevskaya in 1965
Mstislav Rostropovich with wife Galina Vishnevskaya in 1965

Rostropovich gave his first cello concert in 1942. He won first prize at the international Music Awards of Prague and Budapest in 1947, 1949, and 1950. In 1950, at the age of 23 he was awarded what was then considered the highest distinction in the Soviet Union, the Stalin Prize.[5] At that time, Rostropovich was already well known in his country and while actively pursuing his solo career, he taught at the Leningrad (Saint-Petersburg) Conservatory and the Moscow Conservatory. In 1955, he married Galina Vishnevskaya, soprano at the Bolshoi Theatre.[6]

Rostropovich had working relationships with Soviet composers of the era. Prokofiev dedicated his Sinfonia Concertante for cello to him. Rostropovich and Dmitri Kabalevsky completed Prokofiev's Cello Concertino after the composer's death. Dmitri Shostakovich wrote both his first and second cello concertos for Rostropovich, who also gave their first performances.

His international career started in 1964 in what was then West Germany. As of this date, he went on several tours in western Europe and met several composers, including Benjamin Britten. Britten dedicated his Cello Sonata, three Solo Suites, and his Cello Symphony to Rostropovich, who gave their first performances. In 1967, he conducted Tchaikovsky's opera Eugene Onegin at the Bolshoi, thus letting forth his passion for both the role of conductor and the opera.

[edit] Exile

Rostropovich fought for art without borders, freedom of speech, and democratic values, resulting in harassment from the Soviet regime. An early example was in 1948, when he was a student at the Moscow Conservatory. In response to the 10 February 1948 decree on so-called 'formalist' composers, his teacher Dmitri Shostakovich was dismissed from his professorships in Leningrad and Moscow; the then 21-year-old Rostropovich quit the Conservatory, dropping out in protest. In 1970, Rostropovich sheltered Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who otherwise had nowhere else to go, in his own home. His friendship with Solzhenitsyn and his support for dissidents led to official disgrace in the early 1970s. As a result, Rostropovich was restricted from foreign touring, as was his wife, soprano Galina Vishnevskaya, and he was sent on a recital tour of small towns in Siberia.

Rostropovich left the Soviet Union in 1974 with his wife and children and settled in the United States. He was banned from several musical ensembles in his homeland, and his Soviet citizenship was revoked in 1978 because of his public opposition to the Soviet Union's restriction of cultural freedom.[5] However, he later supported his friend Russian President Boris Yeltsin's illegal shelling of the democratically elected Russian parliament during the 1993 constitutional crisis (Rostropovich conducted the National Symphony Orchestra in Red Square at the height of the crackdown),[7] and was also on friendly terms with the authoritarian Vladimir Putin.

[edit] Further career

From 1977 until 1994, he was musical director and conductor of the U.S. National Symphony Orchestra in Washington, DC, while still performing with some of the most famous musicians such as Martha Argerich, Sviatoslav Richter and Vladimir Horowitz.[8] He was also the director and founder of the Rostropovich Music Festival and was a regular performer at the Aldeburgh Festival in the UK.[9]

Rostropovich at the Berlin Wall
Rostropovich at the Berlin Wall

His impromptu performance during the fall of the Berlin Wall as events unfolded earned him international fame and was shown on television throughout the world.[10] His Russian citizenship was restored in 1990, although he and his family had already become American citizens.

Rostropovich received many international awards, including the French Legion of Honor and honorary doctorates from many international universities. He was an activist, fighting for freedom of expression in art and politics. An ambassador for the UNESCO, he supported many educational and cultural projects.[11] Rostropovich performed several times in Madrid and was a close friend of Queen Sofía of Spain.

Rostropovich and his wife, Galina Vishnevskaya, started a foundation to stimulate social projects and activities. The couple funded a vaccination program in Azerbaijan. The Rostropovich Home Museum opened on March 4, 2002, in Baku.[12] Rostropovich and Vishnevskaya visited Azerbaijan occasionally. Rostropovich also presented cello master classes at the Azerbaijan State Conservatory.

Together they formed a valuable art collection. In September 2007, when it was slated to be sold at auction by Sotheby's in London and dispersed, Russian billionaire Alisher Usmanov stepped forward and negotiated the purchase of all 450 lots, in order to keep the collection together and bring it to Russia as a memorial to the great cellist's memory. Christie's reported that the buyer paid a "substantially higher" sum than the £20 million pre-sale estimate[13]

[edit] Illness and death

Rostropovich's health declined in 2006, with the Chicago Tribune reporting rumors of unspecified surgery in Geneva and later treatment for what was reported as an aggravated ulcer. Russian President Vladimir Putin visited Rostropovich to discuss details of a celebration the Kremlin was planning for March 27, 2007, Rostropovich's 80th birthday. Rostropovich attended the celebration but was reportedly in frail health.

Though Rostropovich's last home was in Paris, he maintained residences in Moscow, St. Petersburg, London, Lausanne, and Jordanville, New York. Rostropovich was admitted to a Paris hospital at the end of January 2007, but then decided to fly to Moscow, where he had been receiving care.[14] On February 6, 2007 the 79-year-old Rostropovich was admitted to a hospital in Moscow. "He is just feeling unwell", Natalya Dolezhale, Rostropovich's secretary in Moscow, said. Asked if there was serious cause for concern about his health she said: "No, right now there is no cause whatsoever." She refused to specify the nature of his illness. The Kremlin said that President Vladimir Putin had visited the musician on Monday in the hospital, which prompted speculation that he was in a serious condition. Dolezhale said the visit was to discuss arrangements for marking Rostropovich's 80th birthday.

He re-entered the Blokhim Cancer Institute on April 7, 2007, where he was treated for intestinal cancer. He died on April 27, 2007.[15][10] This was the birth date of Sergei Prokofiev, under whom Rostropovich had studied and some of whose works he had premiered.

On April 28, Rostropovich lay in an open coffin at the Moscow Conservatory, where he once studied as a teenager, and was then moved to the Church of Christ the Saviour. Thousands of mourners, including Russian President Vladimir Putin, bade farewell. Spain's Queen Sofia, French first lady Bernadette Chirac and President Ilham Aliev of Azerbaijan, where Rostropovich was born, as well as Naina Yeltsina, the widow of Boris Yeltsin, were among those in attendance at the funeral on April 29. Rostropovich was then buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery, the same cemetery where his friend Boris Yeltsin was buried four days earlier.[16]

[edit] Stature

Mstislav Rostropovich with Julian Lloyd Webber
Mstislav Rostropovich with Julian Lloyd Webber

Rostropovich was a huge influence on the younger generation of cellists. Many have openly acknowledged their debt to his example. In the Daily Telegraph, Julian Lloyd Webber called him "probably the greatest cellist of all time."[17]

Rostropovich either commissioned or was the recipient of compositions by many composers including Dmitri Shostakovich, Sergei Prokofiev, Benjamin Britten, Henri Dutilleux, Leonard Bernstein, Alfred Schnittke, Aram Khachaturian, Ástor Piazzolla, Olivier Messiaen, Witold Lutosławski, Krzysztof Penderecki and Arthur Bliss. His commissions of new works enlarged the cello repertoire more than any cellist before or since.

He was the first performer of 117 pieces.[18]

He is well known for his interpretations of Dvořák's B minor cello concerto and Haydn's cello concertos in C and D[citation needed], Prokofiev's Symphony-Concerto and the two cello concertos of Shostakovich.

[edit] Awards and recognitions

Rostropovich received about 50 awards during his life, including:

[edit] References

  1. ^ Valentin Shutilova (16 May 2007). Азиопа. Часть вторая. Дом - музей семьи Ростроповичей в Оренбурге (Russian). Svali.ru. Retrieved on 2007-08-06.
  2. ^ Michael Birukoff. "Rostropovich Family Name", All Russia Family Tree. Retrieved on 2007-08-04. (Russian) 
  3. ^ "Mstislav Rostropovich: Obituary", The Times, 28 April 2007. Retrieved on 2007-08-04. 
  4. ^ a b Mstislav Rostropovich biography. Sony Classical. Retrieved on 2007-04-30.
  5. ^ a b "Mirė maestro M.Rostropovičius", Lietuvos rytas, 28 April 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-30. (Lithuanian) 
  6. ^ Biography of Mstislav Rostropovitch. UNESCO. Retrieved on 2007-04-30.
  7. ^ Steven Erlanger. "Isolated Foes of Yeltsin Are Sad but Still Defiant", The New York Times, September 27, 1993. Retrieved on 2008-05-29. 
  8. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica (27 April 2007). National Symphony Orchestra. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved on 2007-04-30.
  9. ^ Rostropovich remembered – Britten-Pears Foundation, Undated.Retrieved on 2007-07-31.
  10. ^ a b "Russian maestro Rostropovich dies", BBC News. Retrieved on 2007-04-30. 
  11. ^ UNESCO Celebrity Advocates: Mstislav Rostropovitch. UNESCO. Retrieved on 2007-04-30.
  12. ^ Gulnar Aydamirova. "Rostropovich The Home Museum", Azerbaijan International, Summer 2003. Retrieved on 2007-04-30. 
  13. ^ BBC News, "Billionaire buys entire auction", 17 September 2007.
  14. ^ Alan Kozinn. "Mstislav Rostropovich, Cellist and Conductor, Dies", New York Times, 27 April 2007. 
  15. ^ "Russian cellist Rostropovish 'seriously ill'", Contactmusic. Retrieved on 2007-04-30. 
  16. ^ "Russian farewell to Rostropovich", BBC News, 29 Apr 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-30. 
  17. ^ Julian Lloyd Webber. "The greatest cellist of all time", The Telegraph, 28 April 2007. Retrieved on 2007-08-06. 
  18. ^ Olga Sobolevskaya. "Mstislav Rostropovich: musician of genius, man of honor", RIA Novosti, 27 April 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-30. 

[edit] Further reading

[edit] External links

Awards
Preceded by
Richard Goode & Richard Stoltzman		 Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance
1984		 Succeeded by
Juilliard String Quartet
Preceded by
Ray Charles and Ravi Shankar		 Polar Music Prize
1995		 Succeeded by
Pierre Boulez and Joni Mitchell
v • d • e
Léonie Sonning Music Prize Laureates
1959–1980

Igor Stravinsky (1959) · Leonard Bernstein (1965) · Birgit Nilsson (1966) · Witold Lutosławski (1967) · Benjamin Britten (1968) · Boris Christoff (1969) · Sergiu Celibidache (1970) · Arthur Rubinstein (1971) · Yehudi Menuhin (1972) · Dmitri Shostakovich (1973) · Andrés Segovia (1974) · Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (1975) · Mogens Wöldike (1976) · Olivier Messiaen (1977) · Jean-Pierre Rampal (1978) · Janet Baker (1979) · Marie-Claire Alain (1980)
1981–2000

Mstislav Rostropovich (1981) · Isaac Stern (1982) · Rafael Kubelík (1983) · Miles Davis (1984) · Pierre Boulez (1985) · Sviatoslav Richter (1986) · Heinz Holliger (1987) · Peter Schreier (1988) · Gidon Kremer (1989) · György Ligeti (1990) · Eric Ericson (1991) · Georg Solti (1992) · Nikolaus Harnoncourt (1993) · Krystian Zimerman (1994) · Yuri Bashmet (1995) · Per Nørgård (1996) · András Schiff (1997) · Hildegard Behrens (1998) · Sofia Gubaidulina (1999) · Michala Petri (2000)
2001–present

Anne-Sophie Mutter (2001) · Alfred Brendel (2002) · György Kurtág (2003) · Keith Jarrett (2004) · John Eliot Gardiner (2005) · Yo-Yo Ma (2006) · Lars Ulrik Mortensen (2007) · Arvo Pärt (2008)
v • d • e
Laureates of the Wolf Prize in Arts
Architecture
Music
Painting

Marc Chagall / Antoni Tàpies (1981) · Jasper Johns (1986) · Anselm Kiefer (1990) · Gerhard Richter (1994/5) · Louise Bourgeois (2002/3) · Michelangelo Pistoletto (2006/7)
Sculpture

Eduardo Chillida (1984/5) · Claes Oldenburg (1989) · Bruce Nauman (1993) · James Turrell (1998) · Louise Bourgeois (2002)
Agriculture · Arts · Chemistry · Mathematics · Medicine · Physics
v • d • e
National Symphony Orchestra Music Directors
Hans Kindler (1931)  · Howard Mitchell (1949) · Antal Doráti (1970) · Mstislav Rostropovich (1977) · Leonard Slatkin (1996)
Persondata
NAME Rostropovich, Mstislav
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Rostropovich, Mstislav Leopoldovich
SHORT DESCRIPTION Cellist, conductor, pedagogue
DATE OF BIRTH March 27, 1927
PLACE OF BIRTH Baku, Azerbaijan, USSR
DATE OF DEATH April 27, 2007
PLACE OF DEATH Moscow, Russia