User:Mrshaba/Experiments

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Wikipedia:Vital articles

Orange sun.
Orange sun.
   
Hot sun.
Hot sun.
Years Total

installation

 Yearly

production

 $/Watt
1970-1983 ~100 kW → 59 MW none → 20 MW 100 → 7.75
1984-1996 59 MW → 699 MW 20 MW → 89 MW 7.75 → 4.00
1997-2007 699 MW → 10.6 GW 89 MW → 3 GW 4.00 → 3.40


Contents

[edit] Photovoltaics

In 2006, Germany, adding 1,050 megawatts, became the first country to install more than one gigawatt in a single year.

There are now more than 300,000 buildings with PV systems in Germany, over triple the initial goal of the 100,000 Roofs Program launched in 1998. Growth is set to remain strong, as a feed-in tariff of 49¢ per kilowatt-hour will remain in place through 2009.


Of the world’s PV manufacturers in 2007, Sharp (Japan), Q-Cells (Germany), and Suntech (China) claimed the top three positions. (See data.) But after holding the top spot for more than six years, Sharp, hampered by limited access to polysilicon, is likely to post only a 4-percent growth in production in 2007, well below the 50 percent industry average. However, Sharp’s annual thin-film production capacity is on track to increase from 15 megawatts today to 1,000 megawatts per year in 2010.

Other useful government incentives include a budget allocation of 20.5 billion yen ($186 million) in 2003—for research and development, demonstration programs, and market incentives—and net-metering (feeding excess energy back into the power grid). Within nine years, from 1994 to 2003, these programs helped Japan position itself as the world leader in both production and installation of solar cells.

While the off-grid sector was the initial major market for solar cells, the grid-connected sector has grown significantly since 1996, after the implementation of the 70,000 Roofs Program in Japan. In 2003, the grid-connected sector represented 77 percent of the total market worldwide.

Italy (2001) 10,000 Roofs Program: Regions offer different investment subsidies to promote building-integrated photovoltaic applications. http://www.earth-policy.org/Indicators/2004/indicator12.htm

Sharp Corporation continues to dominate the PV scene with 17.2%, but lost considerable market shares due to a very unusual low production growth of just 1%, despite the fact that the production capacity increased to 600 MW in FY 2006 [Ikk 2007a]. An explanation could be that Sharp did not have enough silicon feedstock. sunbird.jrc.it/refsys/pdf/PV_StatusReport_2007.pdf

In order for the solar industry to make a systematic penetration in to the electricity segment, installed solar system costs will need to drop from around $8-10/Wp to $3/Wp. This would continue the trend shown above of falling solar electricity costs over the last twenty-five years. A push to $3/Wp would bring solar energy costs from the present 30 cents per kilowatt-hour to around 10 cents per kilowatt-hour, which would allow it to compete more strongly with other renewables and capture a significant share of the electricity market.

http://www.solarbuzz.com/StatsCosts.htm

A solar cell
A solar cell
.
.
  • Prospects for PV: a learning curve analysis Bob van der Zwaana,b ,*, Ari Rablc
  • Commercial production of PV began in 1972 (Maycock) or 1976 (Harmon).
  • While PV was highly successful in extraterrestrial applications, commercialization on Earth was limited due high prices. Ironically, the price barriers were the result of a spaced based focus of development which aimed for high efficiency, low weight, and reliability.

"Semiconductor Technology

The computer industry, especially transistor semiconductor technology, also contributed to the development of PV cells. Transistors and PV cells are made from similar materials and operate on the basis of similar physical mechanisms. As a result, advances in transistor research provided a steady flow of new information about PV cell technology. (Today, however, this technology transfer process often works in reverse, as advances in PV research and development are sometimes adopted by the semiconductor industry.) " http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1155

  • "Historically, no energy technology has changed more dramatically than photovoltaics (PV), the cost of which has declined by a factor of nearly 100 since the 1950s."
Notes

[1]

  • Deployment of solar power depends largely upon local conditions and requirements. Considerations include insolation, local power cost, local affluence
  • The European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA) reported that the photovoltaic world market (all types of PV systems, i.e. big power plants, private net connected systems and off grid PV) in 2007 grew by over 40 %, with approximately 2.3 gigawatt (GW) of newly installed capacity."

2007 installed capacity

Drivers
Electricity and fuel prices and the cost of T&D
Semiconductor developments, reduced kerf loss, thinner wafers, better faster processing equipment, material knowledge
Educated/trained workforce
Affluent public
Years Cummulative

Installed Megawatts

 Growth
1975-1979 2 → 12.75 MW 638%
1980-1984 12.75 → 81 MW 635%
1985-1989 81 → 238 MW 294%
1990-1994 238 → 530 MW 223%
1995-1999 530 → 1179 MW 222%
2000-2004 1179 → 4075 MW 346%
2005-2007 4075 → 10600 MW 260%

[edit] Notes

  • Back to solar energy.
  • DST in 1980
  • energy savings of DST for California equal 0.002 EJ out of 1 EJ total electricity use (553 GWh out of 283,304 GWh). At one fifth of 1% this seems hopelessly small although my math could be off.
  • fuel upgrading
  • megaron
  • Renewable energy in Germany:[1]
  • Specific mention: Professor Jeffrey Cook’s classic book ‘Passive Cooling.’
  • The Fifty-Year History of the International Solar Energy Society and its National Sections, Volumes 1 and 2, edited by Karl Boer,
  • Mike McCormack’s Solar Heating and Cooling Act of 1974
  • Jeffrey Cook’s book Passive Cooling (1989)
  • CHAPIN, D.M., FULLER, C.S. and PEARSON, G.L.

A new p-n junction photocell for converting solar radiation into electrical power, Journal of Applied Physics. 25, 1954: 676-677

  • To do:[2]
  • German Renewable energy page:[3]
  • Something:[4]
  • 129,024 Btu/gal - [5]
  • Solar power is a synonym of solar energy when used in a technological sense or...
  • FA [TEAM]

Making the installed capacity of solar thermal collectors comparable with that of other energy sources, solar thermal experts from 7 countries agreed upon a methodology to convert installed collector area into solar thermal capacity at a joint meeting of the IEA SHC Programme and major solar thermal trade associations, that was held in September 2004 in Gleisdorf, Austria. The represented associations from Austria, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and the USA as well as the European Solar Thermal Industry Federation (ESTIF) and the IEA SHC Programme agreed to use a factor of 0.7 kWth/m2 to derive the nominal capacity from the area of installed collectors.

From: 2003 Report See also: 2007 Report

a. ^  Note on 'installed capacity' and 'potential energy'. The former is an estimate of the maximum productive output of a given technology or individual generation station at a single point in time. The latter takes into account the likely intermittency of energy supply and is a measure of output over a period of time. Thus, for example, individual wind turbines may have a 'capacity factor' of between 15% and 45% depending on their location, with a higher capacity factor giving a greater potential energy output for a given installed capacity. The 'potential energy' column is thus an estimate based on a variety of assumptions including the installed capacity. Although 'potential energy' is in some ways a more useful method of comparing the current output and future potential of different technologies, using it would require cumbersome explanations of all the assumptions involved in each example, so installed capacity figures are generally used.

Solar Industrial Process Heat (SIPH) is an ideal application of solar energy. As a matter of fact, 30-50% of the thermal energy needed in industrial processes is below 250?C, which can be easily provided by low- and medium-temperature solar collectors. Consequently, this application of solar energy is expected to grow as the cost of fossil fuels goes up.Process heat

linear fresnel

As a result of solar energy's intermittent nature, the growth in worldwide usage will be constrained until reliable and low-cost technology for storing solar energy becomes available. The sun's energy is stored on a daily basis by nature through the process of photosynthesis in foodstuffs, wood and other biomass. The storage of energy from intermittent and random solar radiation can be achieved artificially, by using energy storage technologies (thermal storage, chemically-charged batteries, hydro storage, flywheels, hydrogen, and compressed air), some well-known and widely-applied, whilst others are still under development.

PV market deployment is to a large extent dependent on the political framework of any given country. Support mechanisms are defined in national laws. The introduction, modification or fading out of such support schemes can have profound consequences on PV industries. D. Yogi Goswami EPIA

PV potential calculation

The rooftop area, and therefore potential space for PV in the United States, is very large. Two previous estimates of the total available roof space for PV in the United States are 6 and 10 billion square meters, even after eliminating 35% to 80% of the total roof space due to shading and inappropriate orientation [6,7]. The lower value also does not include certain industrial and agricultural buildings. While fairly rough estimates, these values provide some idea of the potential resource base. Assuming a typical PV system performance of 100 watts per square meter (W/m2) (equivalent to an average insolation of 1000 W/m2 and a 10% AC system efficiency), this rooftop area represents a potential installed capacity of 600 to 1000 GW. At an average capacity factor of 17%, this installed capacity could provide 900-1500 terawatt-hours (TWh) annually. This represents about 25% to 40% of the total U.S. electricity consumption in 2004.

6. Chaudhari, M., L. Frantzis, and T. Hoff, PV Grid Connected Market Potential under a Cost Breakthrough Scenario, Navigant Consulting, Inc., 2004. Available at www.ef.org/documents/EFFinal- Final2.pdf 7. Potential for Building Integrated Photovoltaics, International Energy Agency, 2001.

Although improvements in levelized cost of energy (LCOE) will allow CSP to reach 5 – 7 cents/kWh and compete with traditional generation technologies, at today’s 12-14 cents/kWh it is too expensive

A linear Fresnel power plant uses a series of long, narrow, shallow-curvature mirrors to focus light onto one or more linear absorbers positioned above the mirrors and generates power using a traditional steam turbine. These systems aim to offer lower overall costs by sharing a heat-absorbing element between several mirrors while still using the line-focus geometry that allows reduced complexity in the tracking mechanism. The absorber is stationary and so fluid couplings are not required. The mirrors also do not need to support the absorber, so they are structurally simpler. When suitable aiming strategies are used, this can allow a denser packing of mirrors on available land area. [www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/csp_prospectus_112807.pdf CSP goals]

Japan has the most successful photovoltaics (PV) industry and mature market in the world. By the end of 2004, Japan became the first country to install a GigaWatt of PV. Through aggressive government policies beginning with the SunShine Program launched in 1974, and more recent subsidies promoting deployments, Japan leads the world in PV production, deployment, and exports. PV powered homes are now a common site in Japan. While Japan was the third largest PV manufacturer a decade ago, it now dominates PV manufacturing with well over 40 percent of global production. The Japanese government is making solar energy an important part of its overall energy mix, with a goal of 10 percent electricity production from PV by 2030. They seek to reduce renewables costs to be on par with conventionally generated electricity. Likewise, Japan is a signatory to the Kyoto protocol and sees solar as a viable part of the solution to meeting CO2 reduction targets. There are three key reasons why Japan has become the global PV leader: [6]

One of the most promising applications for active solar heating worldwide is the drying of agricultural products. In a recent study, the potential amount of energy that could be displaced using solar in this market was estimated to be between 657PJ and 1530 PJ annually. The most promising market for solar drying is generally, but not always, those crops that are mechanically dried at lower temperatures.

Crop drying

[edit] Sources

  • PV incentive programs:[7]

SoSo Sources

Solar architecture

Panel surface area

Technical potential

  • 440,000TWh/year [14]]

Bad forecasts

  • [15] - "Photovoltaics: According to the study Solar Electricity 2010 undertaken under the leadership of the European Photovoltaic Association (EPIA) an enhanced European scenario with additional investments as high as € 2.5 billion would allow a cumulative installed PV power capacity of 4,000 MWp to be achieved. Current trends, however, analysed by EurObserv’ER 2001 barometer, lead to predictions of a cumulated total of 1,790 MWp in 201073. This figure adds up to less than 54 per cent of the 2010 White Paper target. In 2003 probably only 37 per cent of the target installation of 1095 MWp will be in place. Consequently, between 2003 and 2010 considerable accelerated efforts are needed to meet even the 2010 target by 54 per cent."

Heating and cooling

"Well designed policies have achieved encouraging results in leading countries. For instance, Germany has nearly 5 GW of solar water heaters installed (around 750 000 units); about 30% of houses in Sweden have geothermal heat pumps with a total capacity of nearly 4 GW; and Canada has over 3 million homes producing around 100PJ (2.4 Mtoe) of heat from woody biomass each year with four times this amount produced for industrial heat giving a total equivalent to around 12 Mt of oil each year. Yet other countries with similar conditions make minimal use of their renewable energy resources."

"Demand for heating accounts for a significant portion of world total energy demand. The building sector consumes 35.3% of final energy demand of which 75% is for space and domestic water heating(IEA 2006a). In Europe the final energy demand for heating (48%) is higher than for electricity (20%) or transport (32%) (EREC, 2006). It can be even higher in regions with long, cold winters such as northern North America. For cooling of buildings and refrigeration applications the demand for energy is growing but the data are uncertain."

Solar rights

" "Solar energy device" means any identifiable facility, equipment, apparatus, or the like, including a photovoltaic cell application, that is applicable to a single-family residential dwelling or townhouse and makes use of solar energy for heating, cooling, or reducing the use of other types of energy dependent upon fossil fuel for generation; provided that "solar energy device" shall not include skylights or windows. [L 1992, c 268, §1; am L 2005, c 157, §2]"

[edit] Wikisources

  • Update citations using:[16]
  • Manual of style:[17]
  • Punctuation for quotation:[18]
  • Disruptive editing:[19]
  • How to create graphs for WP:[20]
  • Use Renewable energy in Scotland for pointers on format.
  • Request for comment:Rfc
  • Image uploading and editing help (Rules of thumb - Use JPEG format for photographic images; SVG format for icons, logos, drawings, maps, flags, and such;):[21]
  • I like it:[22]
  • Permission for picture:[23]
  • Request for page protection:[24]
  • How to make subpages:[25]
  • How to make tables:[26]
  • Semi-protection guide

[edit] Table example

Someday I'd like to make tables with lots of pretty boxes
I don't know karatay
But I know karazee
 Yow
Goodgod goona kiss myself huh summylove jumpback Yeow
Flag of World Big ball Abra 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I'm lime green
Flag of Europe European Union a big ring Cadabra 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 I'm springgreen
15 Flag of Germany Germany Der spreckles 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 I'm cyan
α cell2
NESTED
TABLE
the original table again

[edit] PV Graph

[27]

Year Production Growth rate Source Cummulative

installed

 Source Real $/kW Source Inflation rate Adjusted $/kW Source
1966 Pro Grw ref Cum ref ~$100 Ref 4 Inf Adj ref
1966 Pro Grw ref Cum ref ~$200 Ref 3 Inf Adj ref
1967 Pro Grw ref Cum ref Real ref Inf Adj ref
1968 Pro Grw ref 95 kW Ref 7 Real ref Inf Adj ref
1969 Pro Grw ref Cum ref Real ref Inf Adj ref
1970 Pro Grw ref Cum ref Real ref Inf Adj ref
1971 0.1 Grw ref Cum ref $25 Ref 6 Inf Adj Ref 1
1972 Pro Grw ref Cum ref Real ref Inf Adj Ref 1
1973 15-30 kW Grw Ref 5 Cum ref $20 Ref 5 Inf Adj Ref 1
1974 15-30 kW Grw Ref 5 Cum ref $20 Ref 5 Inf Adj Ref 1
1975 pro Grw ref 2 Ref 2 30.00 Ref 2 9.20% $116.55 Ref 1
1976 2 Grw Note 1 4 Ref 2 25.00 Ref 2 5.75% $91.02 Ref 1
1977 2.25 12.5% Note 1 6.25 Ref 2 20.00 Ref 2 6.50% $69.20 Ref 1
1978 2.5 11.1% Note 1 8.75 Ref 2 15.00 Ref 2 7.62% $48.58 Ref 1
1979 4 60% Note 1 12.75 Ref 2 13.00 Ref 2 11.22% $38.53 Ref 1
1980 6.5 62.5% Note 1 19.25 Ref 2 12.00 Ref 2 13.58% $31.22 Ref 1
1981 7.75 19.2% Note 1 27 Ref 2 10.00 Ref 2 10.35% $23.27 Ref 1
1982 12 54.8% Note 1 39 Ref 2 9.00 Ref 2 6.16% $19.32 Ref 1
1983 20 66.7% Note 1 59 Ref 2 7.75 Ref 2 3.22% $16.04 Ref 1
1984 22 5% Note 1 81 Ref 2 7.00 Ref 2 4.39% $13.90 Ref 1
1985 26 18.2% Note 1 107 Ref 2 6.50 Ref 2 3.55% $12.47 Ref 1
1986 28 7.7% Note 1 135 Ref 2 5.00 Ref 2 1.91% $9.23 Ref 1
1987 29 3.6% Note 1 164 Ref 2 4.00 Ref 2 3.66% $7.28 Ref 1
1988 34 17.2% Note 1 198 Ref 2 3.75 Ref 2 4.08% $6.56 Ref 1
1989 40 17.6% Note 1 238 Ref 2 4.25 Ref 2 4.83% $7.10 Ref 1
1990 47 17.5% Note 1 285 Ref 2 4.75 Ref 2 5.39% $7.55 Ref 1
1991 55 17% Note 1 340 Ref 2 4.50 Ref 2 4.25% $6.77 Ref 1
1992 60 9.1% Note 1 400 Ref 2 4.25 Ref 2 3.03% $6.23 Ref 1
1993 60 0.0% Note 1 460 Ref 2 4.25 Ref 2 2.96% $6.03 Ref 1
1994 70 16.7% Note 1 530 Ref 2 4.00 Ref 2 2.61% $5.54 Ref 1
1995 80 14.3% Note 1 610 Ref 2 3.75 Ref 2 2.81% $5.05 Ref 1
1996 89 11.3% Note 1 699 Ref 2 4.00 Ref 2 2.93% $5.24 Ref 1
1997 126 41.6% Note 1 825 Ref 2 4.15 Ref 2 2.34% $5.28 Ref 1
1998 153 21.4% Note 1 978 Ref 2 4.00 Ref 2 1.55% $5.01 Ref 1
1999 201 31.4% Note 1 1179 Ref 2 3.50 Ref 2 2.19% $4.31 Ref 1
2000 288 43.3% Note 1 1467 Ref 2 3.50 Ref 2 3.38% $4.20 Ref 1
2001 393 36.5% Note 1 1860 Ref 2 3.50 Ref 2 2.83% $4.05 Ref 1
2002 525 33.6% Note 1 2385 Ref 2 3.25 Ref 2 1.59% $3.71 Ref 1
2003 690 31.4% Note 1 3075 Ref 2 3.00 Ref 2 2.27% $3.34 Ref 1
2004 1000 44.9% Note 1 4075 Ref 2 3.25 Ref 2 2.68% $3.55 Ref 1
2005 1575 57.5% Note 1 5600 Ref 2 3.50 Ref 2 3.39% $3.71 Ref 1
2006 2000 27% Note 1 7600 Ref 2 3.60 Ref 2 3.24% $3.67 Ref 1
2007 3000 50% Note 1 10600 Ref 2 3.40 Ref 2 Inf Adj Ref 1
  • Ref 1 - Inflation data from [28]. I used the inflation calculator there to adjust $/kW.
  • Ref 2 - Cummulative PV and Real Price data provided by Paul Maycock. Maycock notes 1972 as the year of PV commercialization. Here is a similar source:[29]
  • Ref 3 (This price figure is for a optimized space power solar cell)
  • Ref 4 (This price figure is for a terrestrial power solar cell)
  • Ref 5 Dr. Elliot Berman (Numbers are for Solar Power Corporation 1002 modules - Notes 1973 as the year SPC started up)
  • Ref 6 (Both space based and terrestrial prices are cited)
  • Ref 7 (Christopher Harmon - Notes 1976 as the year of PV commercialization)
  • Note 1 - Production is the calculated difference between the yearly cummulatives provided by Maycock. Growth is the calculated percentage change from the previous year's production.
  • Nominal dollars (also known as current dollars) - Dollars which have been adjusted to reflect the effect of inflation on prices.
  • Real dollars - constant dollars
  • Strategies Unlimited
  • W. G. J. H. M. van Sark (Department of Science, Technology, and Society at Utrecht University) w.g.j.h.m.vansark@chem.uu.nl


   
  



  
  



  



The global solar hot water/heating market is dominated by China, which now accounts for 60% of total installed capacity (Table 4). The EU-15 follows China, with about 11%, then Turkey with 9% and Japan with 7%. (All figures are for glazed collectors only, excluding swimming pool heating.) The 110 million m2 of installed collector area (77 GWth of capacity) worldwide translates into about 35 million households worldwide now using solar hot water. This is about 2% of the estimated 1600 million households worldwide.

[edit] SWH

Solar Water Heating Statistics
Year GW TWh China Europe Japan US Ref Notes
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999 10.8 Ref 3
2000 15.1 Ref 3
2001 20.8 Ref 3
2002 27.5 Ref 3
2003 92.7 55 35.5 Ref 3
2004 98.4 58 43.4 12.3 5.4 20 Ref 2 Note 2
2005 111 66.4 52.5 12.1 4.9 Ref 4
2006 128 77 65.1 15.6 5.0 Ref 1 Note 1
2007 154 Ref 1
  • Note 1 - At the end of 2006, a total of 182.5 million square meters of collector area, corresponding to an installed capacity 127.8 GWth were in operation in the 48 countries

recorded in this report. These 48 countries represent 3.87 billion people which is about 60% of the world’s population. The installed capacity in these countries represents approximately 85 - 90% of the solar thermal market worldwide.

  • Note 2 - The 41 countries included in this report represent 3.74 billion people which is abobut 57% of the world's population. The installed capacity in these countries is estimated to represent 85 - 90% of the solar thermal market worldwide.
  • Note 3 - The 35 countries included in this report represent 3.7 billion people which is about 57% of the world´s population. The collector area installed in these countries is estimated to represent 85-90% of the solar thermal market worldwide.

[edit] Picture timeline

picture change-21:53, 10 November 2007 Mrshaba [31]
picture change-23:06, 10 November 2007 199.125.109.27 [32]
picture change-04:03, 12 November 2007 Mrshaba [33]
picture change-15:45, 12 November 2007 2007 199.125.109.43 [34]
picture change-17:55, 13 November 2007 Mrshaba [35]
picture change-01:48, 14 November 2007 199.125.109.129[36]
picture change-17:58, 14 November 2007 Mrshaba [37]
picture change-05:55, 16 November 2007 Mrshaba through 69.229.196.79 [38]
picture change-11:30, 17 November 2007 199.125.109.104 [39]
picture resize-00:19, 21 November 2007 Mrshaba [40]

Sun Icon Energy Quest Sun FSEC Sun Icon ASES Sun Icon SEI Sun Icon SEIA Sun Icon NREL Sun and PV Sun EPSEA Sun Icon ISES Sun Icon


List of Applications

[edit] General Distractions

Poisonous atmosphere indeed
Poisonous atmosphere indeed

15:51, 12 November 2007 199.125.109.43 [41]

[61]

199?

This big issue here is whether we already have, or should implement, 0RR for admin actions. I think that admin actions should not be reverted without discussion and agreement. When there's no agreement, there's arbcom. As the recent Jimbo-Miltopia-Zscout370 drama has shown us, Bad Things™ happen when admins revert each other, and the community is hopelessly confused. Perhaps this is the ideal test case to establish a lasting precident. - Jehochman Talk 20:56, 28 October 2007 (UTC) Carnot

Space Colonies Human Chemistry

  • [68] - POV material, unsourced, unformatted references. This is the worst sort of distraction of them all.

[edit] The Solar Kitchen in Auroville, India

[edit] History

  • A solar bowl prototype funded by the Tata Energy Research Institute was first tried in Auroville from 1979-1982. This bowl was 3.5 meters worked well for single family cooking
  • In 1997, India's Ministry for Non Conventional Energy Sources funded a full scale hybrid solar kitchen.
  • completely inaugurated on 11.9.1.
  • In daily operation since february 2005

[edit] Construction

  • The solar kitchen was constructed in 1996 and 1997 and the solar bowl's shell was integrated in the roof at this time.
  • Mirrors were placed in 1998
  • Made from 11,000 (15 cm x 15 cm) mirrors. Each mirror is laminated with 2mm of clear glass to make the surface strong enough to walk on for cleaning
  • Mirrors were laser aligned during construction and affixed to the curved base using silicone
  • The fixed shell is composed of 96 prefabricated ferrocement elements
  • Receiver made of copper
  • The tracking receiver is moved about a polar axis by two computer controlled motors
  • bowl is 15 meters in diameter
  • aperture area of 176 square meters
  • approximately 250 square meters of reflecting surface
  • receiver is 4 meters long and 23 cm in diameter. It was originally composed of 3/4 inch OD (ms?) pipes wrapped around a steel frame.
  • Originally used a heat transfer fluid (Therminol 66) with a 1400 liter storage tank.

[edit] Testing

  • tested in 2001 and 2002


[edit] Operation

  • fixed mirror/moving receiver
  • 120 degree spherical concentrator focuses light in a line
  • During sunny months solar provides 20% of steam to solar/diesel hybrid system.
  • The fixed mirror allows this system to withstand the high winds of monsoon season
  • Generates over 200 kg of steam at 3 bars during mornings. Peak steam production at noon is 83 kgs/hour
  • Peak power is 63 kWth.
  • Direct beam efficiency of collector is 43%.
  • Useful period of steam production is between 9am and 3pm, ie. within 3 hours of solar noon.



Copied from: http://www.auroville.org/society/solark_sunnydays.htm

Solar bowl on the roof The Solar Kitchen building has been designed as a major collective kitchen for the Auroville community and was finalized in December 1997. Since then it has served lunches in its Dining Hall and in the same time sent lunches to different outlets like schools or individuals.

It derives its name from the big Solar-Bowl on its roof, which provides part of the steam for cooking on all the sunny days of the year. The other part of the steam needed, is provided by a diesel fired boiler.

Throughout the year approximately 700 lunches are prepared daily, except Sundays.

One third of these meals is served inside the Dining Hall between 12.15 and 1.15 pm

or sent to individuals by tiffin and two thirds is sent to all the schools already around 11.15am

Since September 2006 also on Sundays lunch is served in the Dining Hall between 12.15 and 1 pm. Since October 2006 every evening, except Sundays, dinner is served between 6 and 7.30 pm

Offering food with a smile. Photo by Manohar

The Solar Kitchen is providing a vegetarian and kind of cosmopolitan menu, prepared largely of the vegetables and grains grown organically in and around Auroville. There is a choice between western items like pasta, mashed potato or fresh salads and eastern items like idli/dosai, dal or chutneys. Daily curd and freshly made juices are available.

60 meals in outlying communities

Besides the 180 or so who come to eat in it, the Kitchen also feeds around 60 people in outlying communities. These remote diners supply the Kitchen with a 'tiffin', a collection of interlocking cylindrical stainless steel containers designed to carry many different dishes simultaneously, which they collect and take home filled with food. 400 meals in schools and services

The kitchen delivers a further 400 meals to Auroville's various schools and service centres, including the main grocery and domestic 'shop' Pour Tous. After 45 Solar Kitchen staff have also eaten, the average number of meals served daily by the Kitchen rises to roughly 700.

The Kitchen asks anyone intending to eat there to book in advance. It's possible to arrive unannounced without a booking, but you have to wait until 1 pm. After that un-booked diners are welcome.

The seating layout of the Kitchen over the years has developed a pattern based more on intermixing discreet sub-sets of all diners (on any given day) occupying clearly definable areas or habit-zones. Medium table-groups fluctuate in content but come from larger identifiable separate pool-sets and are focused around small relatively fixed-in-content groups or units (say 2-3, sometimes family-based around a parent with young children, or groups of 2-3 young men mostly) who move freely only within a definable area, rarely straying beyond invisible habitual boundaries.

Long-time diners find they tend towards one part of the dining area more than another, dining on rare occasions in other areas when asked by a member from that area to meet for some reason. To queue or not to queue

Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary defines 'Queue' as 'a waiting line, esp of persons or vehicles'. Based on this definition the following analysis can be made of the Solar Kitchen lunch queue:

Participants divide into X categories: Conventional queuers

Those who upon arrival stand at the end of the queue at that time, allowing all previous arrivals precedence. Unconventional queuers

Upon arrival at the queue this category of diner tends to wander normally about one third of the queue's length towards the front, and then either strike up a trivial conversation with someone they would otherwise not normally converse with, for purposes of convincing themselves they have successfully reduced their waiting time by a third (assuming the queue travels at a constant speed) but without incurring the wrath of the conventional queuers they have come in front of. Reactions

In the eyes of the unconventional queuer, their strategy is a win-win situation: they have reduced waiting time without repercussion from those in front of whom they stand. This, of course, is delusion. Many focus-group based studies of community kitchen social dynamics, including Schlumberg & Moonaswami's Evolved Social Protocols in Condensed Intentional Communities Solar Kitchen case study1 show despite the absence of perceivable reaction, the majority of diners react negatively to "cutting-in"2 . Consequences for the "cutter-in"3 are usually negligible in the short term, says Geneva's 4th Dimensional Research head, John Pertwee , but long-term repercussions, while difficult to gauge, have been shown to exist5 . Long-term reactions range from diminished inclusion of the offending individual in social activities to actual vocal confrontation and in some rare cases expulsion from the larger community6 .

January 19 th was the first of the completely sunny days of the coming sunlit season.

January 20 th too, was a perfectly cloudless day, so I went to visit Purani, the head cook in the solar kitchen to see how they were using the steam being produced by the solar bowl on the roof.

Purani was all smiles, for she had been able to use the solar steam for several jobs.

In the morning a 9 am the solar bowl is put into operation, converting water pumped into its receiver directly into steam. The solar steam is mixed with the steam of the kitchen's diesel fired boiler which is started daily at 8 am. Both the solar steam and the diesel steam work together to cook most of the lunch for the solar kitchen.

The diesel boiler is stronger and contributes ¾ of the steam required during the morning, while the solar steam accounts for ¼ .

But at 11 am or so, the diesel boiler is turned off on sunny days, and the remaining cooking and the production of all hot water for cleaning up all the kitchen vessels is all done only by the solar bowl steam.

On the days when I visited Purani, she had completed the cooking of the final batch of rice and the balance of the noodles with the solar steam on its own between 11 and 12 am. In addition, on each day she had used it to cook a big pot of banana jam for the children in the schools. Then the evening dinner team had used the solar steam between 12 and 2 pm to make a 100% solar cooked soup for those taking the tiffin dinner. They gave me a cup to taste and I'm sure it had an extra sparkle to it !

In February we will complete one year of daily operation of the solar bowl. The bowl saves the kitchen more than 12 liters of diesel for each hour that it fully replaces the diesel boiler after 11 am – this easily adds up to a saving of Rs 700 on a sunny day. The solar bowl, 15 meters in diameter, produces about 200 kgs of steam on a sunny morning (ie. it can boil dry a full 200 liter barrel of water in the three hour morning) and has a peak thermal power of 63 kilowatts at noon.

We are very happy that after several years of testing and alterations, with an especially big technical help by the American guest Daryl Carlson during 2004, the solar bowl has come into its own and that now the Solar Kitchen has a real functioning solar side to it!!

John J

  • There are two additional concentrating geometries which are relatively unique to solar cookers: spherical solar concentrators and Scheffler concentrators.
  • "The first well functioning Scheffler-Reflector (size: 1,1m x 1,5m) was built by Wolfgang Scheffler in 1986 at a mission-station in North-Kenya and is still in use."
  • http://supreme-rays.com/Scheffler%20Technology/scheffler_tech.html
  • "It´s difficult to tell how many Scheffler Reflectors exist, as there is no central registration and many workshops work independently. 2004 there were about 750 reflectors in 21 countries, that coresponds to about 200 solar kitchens, including 12 solar steam kitchens with 10 to106 reflectors per installation. The biggest solar kitchen of the world in Abu Road, Rajastan (India) is catering for up to 18 000 visiters of a Yoga center.

Now, 2006, there might be around 950 Scheffler Reflectors worldwide."

  • "The combination of affordable materials, common tools and un-complicated techniques of fabrication to create a product with high-tech qualities enables interested groups to make something with their own hands which will benefit them in a sustainable way.
  • "A good example is the construction of the worlds largest solar-kitchen in Abu Road, Rajastan, by the Brahma Kumaris. Because they did most of the work involved themselves, the whole installation ( 800m² of Reflector surface + steam system + back-up boiler) could be built for only 100 000 €. As they cook for a maximum of 18 000 people this equals 125,-€ per m² or 5,5 € per person."
  • 50m² Scheffler-Reflector which is now being tested to deliver energy for crematoriums.
  • Until now many more have been set up, even Indias biggest temple, the Tirupati Temple in Andra Pradesh is equipped with 105 reflectors.

Internet-addresses about Scheffler-Reflectors

Community-kitchen of Yoga-centre in India: www.charity-india.de/ Bakery in Namibia: www.ombili.home.pages/ Bakery in Argentina and Burkina Faso: www.hc-solar.de 400 kg iron-storage in India: www.geocities.com/bvirw/Photos/solar-storage.html generally: www.ecozen.com/, www.teriin.org/renew/tech/solth/about.htm, www.Solare-Bruecke.org You can find various articles in the archives of Solar Cookers International http://solarcooking.org/

[edit] Worldwatch PV info

Year 2007$ Real$
1975 $99.61 $25.85
1976 $78.39 $21.51
1977 $58.92 $17.22
1978 $41.18 $12.95
1979 $32.89 $11.52
1980 $27.79 $11.04
1981 $21.16 $9.28
1982 $17.92 $8.34
1983 $14.80 $7.11
1984 $12.88 $6.45
1985 $10.68 $5.54
1986 $8.67 $4.58
1987 $6.73 $3.69
1988 $7.30 $4.17
1989 $7.49 $4.48
1990 $7.47 $4.71
1991 $7.18 $4.72
1992 $6.29 $4.26
1993 $5.79 $4.04
1994 $5.32 $3.80
1995 $5.33 $3.92
1996 $5.11 $3.87
1997 $5.26 $4.07
1998 $4.71 $3.70
1999 $4.29 $3.45
2000 $4.21 $3.50
2001 $3.79 $3.24
2002 $3.73 $3.24
2003 $3.65 $3.24
2004 $3.55 $3.23
2005 $3.70 $3.49
2006 $3.84 $3.73
2007

[edit] PV in Japan, Germany, United States, Spain and South Korea

  Japan Germany United States Spain South Korea
Year Annual Total Ref Annual Total Ref Annual Total Ref Annual Total Ref Annual Total Ref
1990 ~ 2 Ref 2
1991 1 3 Ref 2
1992 3 6 Ref 2
1993 ~ 24 Ref 3 3 9 Ref 2 ~ 50 Ref 3 ~ 4.6 Ref 3 ~ 1.6 Ref 3
1994 7 31 Ref 1 3 12 Ref 2 7.5 58 Ref 3 0.9 5.7 Ref 3 0.1 1.7 Ref 3
1995 12 43 Ref 1 4 16 Ref 2 9.6 67 Ref 3 0.8 6.5 Ref 3 0.1 1.8 Ref 3
1996 21 64 Ref 1 8 24 Ref 2 9.7 77 Ref 3 0.4 6.9 Ref 3 0.3 2.1 Ref 3
1997 43 107 Ref 1 12 36 Ref 2 12 88 Ref 3 0.2 7.1 Ref 3 0.4 2.5 Ref 3
1998 78 181 Ref 1 9 45 Ref 2 12 100 Ref 3 0.9 8.0 Ref 3 0.5 3.0 Ref 3
1999 149 318 Ref 1 13 58 Ref 2 17 117 Ref 3 1.1 9.1 Ref 3 0.5 3.5 Ref 3
2000 122 404 Ref 1 42 100 Ref 2 22 139 Ref 3 3.0 12 Ref 3 0.5 4.0 Ref 3
2001 122 452 Ref 1 78 178 Ref 2 29 168 Ref 3 3.6 16 Ref 3 0.8 4.8 Ref 3
2002 185 637 Ref 1 80 258 Ref 2 43 212 Ref 3 4.8 21 Ref 3 0.7 5.4 Ref 3
2003 223 860 Ref 1 150 408 Ref 2 63 275 Ref 3 6.5 27 Ref 3 0.6 6.0 Ref 3
2004 272 1132 Ref 1 610 1018 Ref 2 101 376 Ref 3 10 37 Ref 3 2.5 8.5 Ref 3
2005 290 1422 Ref 3 863 1881 Ref 2 103 479 Ref 3 20 57 Ref 3 5.0 14 Ref 3
2006 287 1709 Ref 3 950 2831 Ref 2 145 624 Ref 3 61 118 Ref 3 21 35 Ref 3
2007

[edit] Comparison Table

Application Total

Energy Use

 Solar

Alternative

 Estimated

Savings

 Ref
Space Heating 9.75 EJ Solar heating ? [2]
Space Cooling 5.3 EJ Solar cooling ? [2]
Water Heating 4.1 EJ Solar heating ? [2]
Lighting 7.35 EJ Daylighting 1.0 EJ [2]
Clothes Drying 0.9 EJ Clothesline ? [2]
  • Total US energy use is approximately 105 EJ.
  • [2]