Morgan Beatus
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The Morgan Beatus (New York, Pierpont Morgan Library, MS 644) is an illuminated manuscript with miniatures by the artist Maius of the Commentary on the Book of the Apocalypse by the eighth-century Spanish monk Beatus, which described the end of days and the Last Judgment. Having been created at some time in the 10th century, the Morgan Beatus is the oldest example of a revived Spanish apocalypse tradition. The Apocalypse and the commentary on this scripture by Saint Beatus of Liébana became one of the most important religious texts of the Middle Ages, and was often illustrated very fully.
The Sealing of the Elect and the Last Judgment are two notable illuminations contained in the Morgan Beatus.
The Morgan Beatus contains preliminary material with brilliantly painted Evangelist portraits (f. 1-9), Beatus's Commentary on the Apocalypse, (f.10-233), excerpts from Isidore of Seville's De ad finitatibus et gradibus and of his Etymologies (f.23[4r-237r), St. Jerome's Commentary on Daniel, (f. 239-293), and a third exposition of the Apocalypse (f.294-299). This last is a synopsis of a variety of sources and, apparently, a later addition. Its current dimensions are 387mm x 285mm (15 3/32 x 11 1/8 inches). Early folios indicate the removal of the original gold and redrawing of letters by Maius, the creator of the manuscript, and his assistants.
The 300 leaves of the manuscript are of fine-quality parchment, thick and uniform in color. Margins are wide, script and illuminations, generally well preserved. Several folios are damaged by dampness or fire. The colors are remarkably well preserved and vibrant. Maius is identified as the works maker by means of a colophon on f.293 and a memento on f.233. The colophon also provides a cryptic date and references to the commissioning abbot and the monastery of St. Michael.
The collation of the original quires is difficult to determine due to the loss of some leaves. In the course of combining bifolios into quires, the medieval bookmakers needed a system by which they could keep the various quires in their proper order. Catchwords eventually became the standard tool for this purpose. The Morgan Beatus, however, does not utilize this technique. Instead, this manuscript makes use of signatures consisting of Roman numerals followed by the letter "Q" There are two miniature bearing folios signed in this fashion. Intact quires consist of eight leaves (four bifolios). Most signatures are in the corner of the lower margin of the final verso. The fact that these signatures are Roman numerals, and not arabic, suggests against the bookmakers being local or Mozarab vocations to the monastery scriptorium. At the same time it is seen as evidence dating the manuscript to the first half of the tenth century. The opening folios (f.1-9) seem to be a later addition, not only because they lack these signatures, but because they are composed of two sets of three bifolios.
[edit] References
- Walther, Ingo F. and Norbert Wolf. Codices Illustres: The world's most famous illuminated manuscripts, 400 to 1600. Köln, TASCHEN, 2005.
