Montgomery County, Maryland

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Montgomery County, Maryland
Map
Location in the state of Maryland
Maryland's location in the U.S.
Statistics
Founded	1776
Seat	Rockville
Largest city	Rockville
Area  - Total  - Land  - Water	507 sq mi (1,313 km²) 496 sq mi (1,284 km²) 12 sq mi (31 km²), 2.3%
PopulationEst.  - (2007)  - Density	930,813 [1] 1,876.6/sq mi (724.9/km²)
Time zone	Eastern : -5/-4
Website: www.montgomerycountymd.gov

Montgomery County of the U.S. state of Maryland is situated just north of Washington, D.C. and southwest of Baltimore. It is one of the most affluent counties in the nation^[1], and has the highest percentage (29.2%) of residents over 25 years old that hold an advanced degree.^[2] The county seat and largest municipality is Rockville[2]. Most of the county's residents live in unincorporated locales, the most populous of which is Silver Spring. It is a part of both the Washington Metropolitan Area and the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area.

Contents 1 Economy 2 History 3 Geography 3.1 Adjacent jurisdictions 3.2 National protected areas 4 Climate 5 Demographics 6 Law and government 6.1 County Executives 6.2 Legislative body 7 Cities and towns 8 Transportation 8.1 Roads 8.2 Bus 8.3 Rail 8.4 Air 9 Education 10 Sports 11 Liquor control 12 References 13 External links

[edit] Economy

Montgomery County is an important business and research center. It is the epicenter for biotechnology in the Mid-Atlantic region. Montgomery County is the third largest biotechnology cluster in the nation, holding the principal cluster and companies of large corporate size in the state.

Research is done in the county through institutions like Johns Hopkins University's Montgomery County Campus (JHU MCC), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the National Institutes of Health and the University of Maryland.

Many large firms are based in the county. Discovery Communications, Lockheed Martin, Marriott International, Host Marriott, Robert Louis Johnson Companies (RLJ Cos), Choice Hotels, MedImmune, Chevy Chase Bank, TV One, BAE Systems Inc, Hughes Network Systems, and GEICO are just a few of the large firms headquartered in Montgomery County.

There are also several government agencies that are based in Montgomery County including, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), United States Department of Energy, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

Downtown Bethesda and Silver Spring are the largest urban business hubs in the county; combined, they rival many major city cores.

[edit] History

The area now known as Montgomery County was originally a part of the territory north of Charles County. In 1696 parts of Charles County and Calvert County, Maryland were split off and with a large portion of frontier territory formed the new Prince George's County. In turn, in 1748, a portion of Prince George's County produced Frederick County. Montgomery County was formed in 1776 by the splitting of Frederick County. The former Frederick County was subdivided into three; the central portion remained Frederick County, while the western was named Washington County in honor of General (later President) George Washington, and the eastern part was named Montgomery County in honor of another Revolutionary War general, Richard Montgomery.^{[citation needed]}

In 1791, portions of Montgomery County, including Georgetown, were ceded to form the new District of Columbia, along with portions of Prince George's County, Maryland, as well as parts of Virginia that were later returned to Virginia.^{[citation needed]}

In 1828, construction on the C&O Canal commenced and was completed in 1850. Throughout the 19th century, agriculture dominated the economy in Montgomery County, with slaves playing a significant role. In the 1850s, crop production shifted away from tobacco and towards corn. Montgomery County was important in the abolitionist movement, with slave Josiah Henson, who wrote about his experiences in a memoir which became the basis for Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852). Josiah, the inspiration for the character "Uncle Tom", was a slave in the county and a slave cabin where he is believed to have spent time still stands at the end of a driveway off Old Georgetown Road. In the 1860 presidential election, Montgomery County was one of only four Southern counties to vote for Abraham Lincoln.^{[citation needed]}

Until 1860, only private schools existed in Montgomery County. Initially, schools for European American students were built, and in 1872 schools for African-Americans were added.

In 1873, the Metropolitan Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad opened, with a route between Washington, D.C. and Point of Rocks, Maryland. The railroad spurred development at Takoma Park, Kensington, Garrett Park, and Chevy Chase.^{[citation needed]}

On July 1, 1997, Montgomery County annexed a portion of Prince George's County, after residents of Takoma Park, which spanned both counties, voted to be entirely within the more affluent Montgomery County.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 507 square miles (1,313 km²), of which, 496 square miles (1,283 km²) of it is land and 12 square miles (30 km²) of it (2.29%) is water.

[edit] Adjacent jurisdictions

• Frederick County (northwest)
• Howard County (northeast)
• Prince George's County (southeast)
• Washington, D.C. (south)
• Loudoun County, Virginia (west)
• Fairfax County, Virginia (southwest)

[edit] National protected areas

• Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park (part)
• Clara Barton National Historic Site
• George Washington Memorial Parkway (part)

[edit] Climate

The southern reaches of Montgomery County, near Washington, D.C., lie within the Humid subtropical climate zone, with hot, humid summers and mild to chilly winters with plentiful precipitation year-round. The central and northern portions of the county lie further from any significant body of water, and lie in the transition zone between Humid subtropical and Humid continental climate zones. The average yearly precipitation is 43.1 inches. The average yearly snowfall for the county as a whole is 14.3 inches^[3]. Areas in the north and west receive more snow, with Boyds at the extreme north in the county receiving a median annual snowfall of 23.0 inches compared to 11.1 for Rockville. ^[4]

[edit] Demographics

As of the 2000 census, there were 873,341 people, 324,565 households, and 224,274 families residing in the county. The population density was 1,762 people per square mile (680/km²). There were 334,632 housing units at an average density of 675/sq mi (261/km²).

The racial makeup of the county was:

• 64.78% White
• 15.14% African American
• 0.29% Native American
• 11.3% Asian
• 0.05% Pacific Islander
• 5.0% from other races
• 3.45% from two or more races.

In addition, 11.52% of the population was Hispanic or Latino, of any race. (Montgomery County has the largest South American community in the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area.^[5])

Significant national ethnic groups included people of Irish (8.5%), German (8.1%), English (6.8%) and American (5.0%) ancestry according to Census 2000. The county also has a sizable Jewish population.

There were 324,565 households out of which 35% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.2% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.9% were non-families. 24.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.19.

In the county the population was spread out with 25.4% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 32.3% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 92.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.1 males.

Montgomery County has the eighth highest household median income in the United States, and the second highest in the state after Howard County according to the 2006 American Community Survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau. The median income for a household in the county for 2006 was $87,624 and the median income for a family was $103,476. Males had a median income of $66,415 versus $52,134 for females. The per capita income for the county was $43,073. About 3.3% of families and 4.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.6% of those under age 18 and 4.6% of those age 65 or over. ^[6]

A significant division in terms of diversity and affluence exists between the eastern part of the county, centered around Silver Spring and Olney, the western part of the county, centered around the Bethesda and Potomac, and the agricultural northern portion of the county. The complaint that the western side of the county is given special favors at the expense of the eastern side, such as the Intercounty Connector highway project, has often been raised.

Since the 1970s, the county has had in place a Moderately Priced Dwelling Unit (MPDU) zoning plan that requires developers to include affordable housing in any new residential developments that they construct in the county. The goal is to create socioeconomically mixed neighborhoods and schools so the rich and poor are not isolated in separate parts of the county. Developers who provide for more than the minimum amount of MPDUs are rewarded with permission to increase the density of their developments, which allows them to build more housing and generate more revenue. Montgomery County was one of the first counties in the U.S. to adopt such a plan, but many other areas have since followed suit.

[edit] Law and government

Montgomery County was granted a charter form of government in 1948.

The present County Executive/County Council form of government of Montgomery County dates to November 1968 when the voters changed the form of government from a County Commission/County Manager system, as provided in the original 1948 home rule Charter.

The county began with a county commissioner system that kept most of the power in Annapolis. In 1948 voters approved a "Council-Manager" form of government, making Montgomery County the first home-rule county in Maryland. The first six-member council was elected in 1949. Then in 1968, the voters approved a "County Executive-Council" form of government. That change formed an executive branch under the County Executive, and a legislative branch under a seven-member County Council. Instead of a County Manager, there was now a Chief Administrative Officer appointed by the County Executive. That went into effect in 1970, when the first seven-member County Council was elected. Originally all of the council members were elected at large (that is, by all of the voters). Five members were required to reside in their council district. In November 1986, the voters amended the Charter to increase the number of Council seats in the 1990 election from seven to nine. Now five members are elected by the voters of their council district and four are elected at-large. Each voter may vote for five council members; four at-large and one from the district in which they reside.^[7]

[edit] County Executives

Name	Party	Term
James P. Gleason	Republican	1970–1978
Charles W. Gilchrist	Democrat	1978–1986
Sidney Kramer	Democrat	1986–1990
Neal Potter	Democrat	1990–1994
Douglas M. Duncan	Democrat	1994–2006
Isiah "Ike" Leggett	Democrat	2006—

Ike Leggett was sworn in on December 4, 2006.

[edit] Legislative body

The current members of the County Council for the 2006-2010 term are:

Name	Party	District	First Elected
Marc Elrich	Democrat	At-Large	2006
Nancy Floreen	Democrat	At-Large	2002
George Leventhal	Democrat	At-Large	2002
Duchy Trachtenberg	Democrat	At-Large	2006
Roger Berliner	Democrat	District 1 (Bethesda, Chevy Chase, Garrett Park)	2006
Mike Knapp	Democrat	District 2 (Upcounty)	2002
Phil Andrews	Democrat	District 3 (Rockville, Gaithersburg)	1998
Donald Praisner	Democrat	District 4 (East County)	2008
Valerie Ervin	Democrat	District 5 (Silver Spring, Takoma Park, Wheaton)	2006

[edit] Cities and towns

This county contains the following incorporated municipalities:

• 3 Cities:
  1. Gaithersburg (incorporated 1878)
  2. Rockville (incorporated 1860)
  3. Takoma Park (incorporated 1890)
• 12 Towns:
  1. Barnesville (incorporated 1888)
  2. Brookeville (incorporated 1808)
  3. Chevy Chase (Town of) (incorporated 1918)
  4. Chevy Chase View (incorporated 1993)
  5. Chevy Chase Village (incorporated 1910; note that, despite its name, it is a town and not a village.)
  6. Garrett Park (incorporated 1898)
  7. Glen Echo (incorporated 1904)
  8. Kensington (incorporated 1894)
  9. Laytonsville (incorporated 1892)
  10. Poolesville (incorporated 1867)
  11. Somerset (incorporated 1906)
  12. Washington Grove (incorporated 1937)
• 4 Villages:
  1. Chevy Chase, Village of, Section 3 (incorporated 1982)
  2. Chevy Chase, Village of, Section 5 (incorporated 1982)
  3. Martin's Additions (incorporated 1985)
  4. North Chevy Chase (incorporated 1996)

Though the three incorporated cities of Gaithersburg, Rockville, and Takoma Park lie within its boundaries, the most urbanized areas in the county include such unincorporated areas as Bethesda and Silver Spring.

Occupying a middle ground between incorporated and unincorporated areas are Special Tax Districts, quasi-municipal unincorporated areas created by legislation passed by the Maryland General Assembly.[3] They lack home rule authority and must petition the General Assembly for changes affecting the authority of the district. The four incorporated villages of Montgomery County and the town of Chevy Chase View were originally established as Special Tax Districts. Four Special Tax Districts remain in the county:

1. Drummond, Village of (1916)
2. Friendship Heights and "The Hills" (1914)
3. Oakmont (1918)
4. Battery Park (1923)

Unincorporated areas are also considered as towns by many people and listed in many collections of towns, but they lack local government. Various organizations, such as the United States Census Bureau, the United States Postal Service, and local chambers of commerce, define the communities they wish to recognize differently, and since they are not incorporated, their boundaries have no official status outside the organizations in question. The Census Bureau recognizes the following census-designated places in the county:

1. Ashton-Sandy Spring (a combination of the communities of Ashton and Sandy Spring recognized as a unit by the Census Bureau)
2. Aspen Hill
3. Bethesda
4. Brookmont
5. Burtonsville
6. Cabin John
7. Calverton (This CDP is shared between Montgomery and Prince George's Counties.)
8. Chevy Chase (Note that this is also the name of an incorporated town!)
9. Clarksburg
10. Cloverly
11. Colesville
12. Damascus
13. Darnestown
14. Fairland
15. Forest Glen
16. Friendship Village (This CDP includes the Village of Friendship Heights.)
17. Germantown
18. Glenmont
19. Hillandale (This CDP is shared between Montgomery and Prince George's Counties.)
20. Kemp Mill
21. Montgomery Village
22. North Bethesda
23. North Kensington
24. North Potomac
25. Olney
26. Potomac
27. Redland
28. Rossmoor
29. Silver Spring
30. South Kensington
31. Travilah
32. Wheaton-Glenmont (a combination of the communities of Wheaton and Glenmont recognized as a unit by the Census Bureau)
33. White Oak

Other unincorporated places:

1. Beallsville
2. Boyds
3. Derwood
4. Dickerson
5. Hyattstown

[edit] Transportation

[edit] Roads

Montgomery County is approximately bisected north-south by Interstate 270, a connector linking Interstate 70 with Washington. I-270 divides in North Bethesda with its primary roadway connecting to the eastbound Capital Beltway (Interstate 495), and a spur connecting to southbound I-495 as it approaches northern Virginia. Another spur highway, Interstate 370, connects Interstate 270 with the Shady Grove Metro station.

A longstanding, fiercely contested plan exists to construct an east-west freeway, the Intercounty Connector (ICC). The ICC would extend Interstate 370 to connect I-270 with Interstate 95 and U.S. Route 1 in Laurel, Prince George's County.

Roughly paralleling 270 is Maryland Route 355, a surface street known for much of its length as Rockville Pike. In its southern reaches it is known as Wisconsin Avenue, while in the north it is known as Frederick Road, or Frederick Ave in Gaithersburg; in the northern half of Rockville (from Town Center north), it is named Hungerford Drive.

Other major routes include Maryland Route 190 (River Road); Maryland Route 97 (Georgia Avenue); Maryland Route 650 (New Hampshire Avenue), Maryland Route 185 (Connecticut Avenue), Randolph Road/Montrose Road, and Maryland Route 28 (Darnestown Road, Montgomery Avenue and Norbeck Road). U.S. Route 29 parallels the eastern border of the county; first as Georgia Avenue in Silver Spring, then Colesville Road, and thence as Columbia Pike through Burtonsville and into Howard County.

The Montgomery County government has strongly supported the use of automated traffic enforcement on county roads. In 2007 this county became the first jurisdiction in Maryland to introduce automated speed cameras on roads with speed limits up to 35mph, issuing fines of $40 by mail. Red light cameras with fines of $75 are also in use. ^[8]

[edit] Bus

Montgomery County operates its own bus public transit system, known as Ride On. Major routes are also covered by WMATA's Metrobus service.

[edit] Rail

Montgomery County is served by three passenger rail systems.

Amtrak, the U.S. national passenger rail system, operates its Capitol Limited to Rockville, between Washington Union Station and Chicago Union Station.

The Brunswick line of the MARC commuter rail system makes stops at Silver Spring, Kensington, Garrett Park, Rockville, Washington Grove, Gaithersburg, Metropolitan Grove, Germantown, Boyds, Barnesville, and Dickerson, where the line splits into its Frederick and Martinsburg branches.

Both suburban arms of the Red Line of the Washington Metro serve Montgomery County. It follows the CSX right of way to the west, roughly paralleling Route 355 from Friendship Heights to Shady Grove. The eastern side runs between the two tracks of the CSX right of way from Washington Union Station to Silver Spring, and roughly parallels Georgia Avenue, from Silver Spring to Glenmont.

There has been much debate on the construction of two new transitways, both of which are still in the early stages of design. The Purple Line would run "cross-town" connecting nodes in Montgomery and Prince George's Counties near the Beltway; and the Corridor Cities Transitway would provide an extension of the Red Line corridor in and around Gaithersburg.

[edit] Air

The Montgomery County Airpark (FAA GAI, ICAO KGAI), a general aviation facility in Gaithersburg, is the only airport in the county. Commercial air service is provided at the nearby Ronald Reagan Washington National, Washington Dulles International, and BWI Airports.

[edit] Education

Elementary and secondary public schools are operated by the Montgomery County Public Schools.

[edit] Sports

Montgomery County is home of the Montgomery County Swim League, a youth (ages 4-18) competitive swimming league composed of ninety teams based at community pools throughout the county.

The Maryland Nighthawks, a member of the Premier Basketball League, play their games in the Hanley Center for Athletic Excellence located on the campus of Georgetown Preparatory School.

The Bethesda Big Train, Rockville Express, and Silver Spring-Takoma Thunderbolts all play college level wooden bat baseball in the Cal Ripken, Sr. Collegiate Baseball League.

There are future possibilities of a minor league baseball team forming to play for the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball to represent Montgomery County.

[edit] Liquor control

Main article: Montgomery County Department of Liquor Control

Montgomery County maintains a monopoly on the sale of "hard liquor" alcoholic beverages, while beer and wine may be sold at independently owned stores. This is similar to several U.S. states. The county is thus referred to as an alcoholic beverage control county.

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Montgomery County Government

v • d • e Municipalities and communities of Montgomery County, Maryland County seat: Rockville Cities Gaithersburg | Rockville | Takoma Park Towns Barnesville | Brookeville | Chevy Chase | Chevy Chase View | Chevy Chase Village | Garrett Park | Glen Echo | Kensington | Laytonsville | Poolesville | Somerset | Washington Grove Villages & Special Tax Districts Chevy Chase Section Three | Chevy Chase Section Five | Drummond | Friendship Heights | Martin's Additions | North Chevy Chase | Oakmont CDPs Ashton-Sandy Spring | Aspen Hill | Bethesda | Brookmont | Burtonsville | Cabin John | Calverton | Chevy Chase | Clarksburg | Cloverly | Colesville | Damascus | Darnestown | Fairland | Forest Glen | Friendship Village | Germantown | Hillandale | Kemp Mill | Montgomery Village | North Bethesda | North Kensington | North Potomac | Olney | Potomac | Redland | Rossmoor | Silver Spring | South Kensington | Travilah | Wheaton-Glenmont | White Oak Communities Ashton | Beallsville | Boyds | Derwood | Dickerson | Hyattstown | Sandy Spring | Shady Grove

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Coordinates: 39°08′N 77°12′W / 39.14, -77.20