Monetons

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Main article: History of West Virginia

For more details on this topic, see West Virginia Waterways.

Clip from Homann Johann Baptist 1663-1724 map ca 1710 showing the people Captain Vielle, in 1692, passed by to arrive in Chaouenon's country as the French Jesuit called the Shawnee.

West Virginia's Moneton tribe on the Kanawha Valley^[1] has been a subject of debate. This era was a century before Chickamauga Wars. In the 1670s, Abraham Wood wrote twice the name Moneton, the only known source. Points from the Blue Ridge Mountains and Shenandoah River tributary outcrops have been found near Beckley, West Virginia. This is traditionally the Mahock, "Virginia Cherokee"^[2] and western rim of Tutelo Siouan language groups and those of Iroquois dialects. The Monacan,^[3] another element of Tutelo, lived all along the James River (Virginia) through the 17th century, encountered when Jamestown, Virginia was established. ^[4] Virginia Siouan groups derive the Nottoway Confederacy of the Piedmont. Some Monacans, in 1728, joined the Iroquois Five Nations while some did not (Houck, p. 28: Cook, p. 48).^[5] Mooney declared this element, Moneton of western most Colonial Virginia, to be Siouan (eastern). Some scholars suggest Monetons were an element of Monacan and a variation of colonial spelling. The phrase Woods writes can be understood a couple of ways and having no surety. Although, Tomahitans are often identified as Carolina mountain valley Yuchi and allied with the Catawba at this time. It is not clear if the King was Yuchi, Siouan or even Cherokee. But, he was King of the Tomahitans who had no problem in shooting a Siouan. Needham and Arthur was sent to establish trade with the Cherokee.

Wood's remarks imply that some of the ^[sic]"Tomahittons" favored the ^[sic]"Occheneechees" position in Virginia's Fur Trade as middlemen. A small group of Tomahitans tied Arthur, Wood's agent, to the stake to burn him under the instructions of the "Occheneechees". The King of "Tomahittons" arrived, in time, and rescued Arthur, shooting that sub-group's leader. This seems to have put a quick end to the political dispute within the Tomahitan tribe. The Tomahitan tribe did accept members of certain other tribes to live with them as subordinates. Woods' recapitulation of Arthur's travels does yield the Moneton neighbor's of 3 days journey or about 60~90 miles away and much further away if by canoe. This distance is based on the well known explorier surveyors Christopher Gist's and George Washington's several journals ability to travel these regions. The Moneton neighbor's shot arrows at Tomahitans on sight, but did not bother themselves to give chase. Alas, this still does not achieve the question, who were the Moneton's?

[edit] Arthur's visit

[edit] Other of ye inhabitance

Further information: West Virginia Prehistory

The Andaste spoke an Iroquois dialect and were fort builders. They were allies with the Huron Confederacy. An Andaste site is located in the Eastern Panhandle at Moorefield, West Virginia. See Captain John Smith article, 1612 map.

Of the unidentfied people on the Ohio Valley, Woods writes, "He (Gabriell) made signes to them the gun was ye Tomahittons which he had a disire to take with him, but ye knife and hatchet he gave to ye king. they not knowing ye use of gunns, the king receved it with great shewes of thankfullness for they had not any manner of iron instrument that hee saw amongst them". The reports of this tribe given by the Mohetan to Batts and Fallam correspond with those given to Arthur by the Moneton. Iberville in August, 1699, wrote "...some Maheingans who are savages whom we call Loups..." which document helps identify the "Mohecan" in the Kanawha Valley.^[7] Fallam called those on the Great Kanawha River "Mohetan" and this is perhaps an example of tribal influx.^[8] The Iroquois League, Huron Confederacy and Andaste (Sultzman) are well reported as blocking the Nation du Chat from attaining fire arms, the latter serving as middlemen to the French and Dutch trade. The Dutch had provided Andaste with fire arms, another of the League's enemy who also spoke a dialect of Iroquois as did the "Panther People" (corrupted Nation du Chat) otherwise Eire.^[9] Their neighbor east, at that time, of the Allegheny Mountains were the late Conestoga (Quaker for Andaste), earlier called Susquehannocks (Virginian). Susquehannocks is first mentioned in the "Voyages of Samuel Champlain" for 1615 as he calls one of their some 20 villages "Carantouan". It rallied more than 800 warriors with two other villages, Champlain reports. They were nearer to the New York and Pennsylvania border on the tributaries of the Susquehanna River on his map approaching towards the region from the Saint Lawrence Seaway.^[10] A Susquehanna site is located in the Eastern Panhandle at Moorefield, West Virginia.

The Mohawks and Senecas in 1642 began a crescendo invasion into Huron country of New France along the Richelieu, the Ottawa, and the St. Lawrence. New Holland supported the Mohawks (Mohawk Dutch) who became the pirates of the French fur trade. "In the face of the Iroquois attack, instead of recovering themselves the Hurons were seized with panic. Almost the entire Bear tribe took refuge with the Tobacco Nation. Others sought asylum with the Neutrals, the Eries (Ohio country), the Algonkins, or fled to the nearby islands. The Huron confederacy fell completely to pieces." ^[11] "Les Tionontatacaga", shown on Homann Johann Baptist's map of 1710, had taken refuge in West Virginia's hollows (after 1701) from the great heat of the Iroquois invasion, the Moneton's territory.^[12] "Les Oniassoutlea", dialect variation Oniassontke, shown on the map are otherwise Black Minqua (Dutch for modern Mingo) and Honniasontkeronon whom were one of several elements of Honniasont. Honniasontkeronon "infested the country above the rapids of the Ohio River" as the Seneca told La Salle in 1669.^[13]. They were reported to be hereditary enemies to the Nation of Fire and kindred Chaouanons. The Kentucky River was called the Cuttawa River and the Big Sandy was called the Totteroy River, ancient Eastern Siouan territory. Earliest regional authors called these western trail branches as Catawba Trail. Honniasont is an Iroquian word meaning "wearing something around the neck", quoting L. Sultzman. These were sub-tribes of the Erie in the 17th century also known as Natio di Chat, "du Chat" (French) and ancient eastern Siouan.^[14]

The map, above, shows the Calicuas before 1710. This is the general area of the Moneton and the unidentified tribe. Earlier scholars identified Calicuas as an element of ancient "Cherokee", still, the map may mean the Monongahela culture, within bounds of the same region, if Arthur went to the Monongahela tribuaries. Western Virginia "Cherokee" were reported at Cherokee Falls^[15] (today's Valley Falls) in 1705. ^{[16] [17]} Indian trader Charles Poke's trading post dates from 1731 with the Calicuas of Cherokee Falls. The Cherokee appeared in the Southern Appalachian region about A.D. 1300, towards the end of the Pisgah Phase (A.D. 1000~1500), assimilating with these there. During Qualla Phase (ca. A.D.1500 to Historic), the Cheorkee as a Nation became a considerable force south and west of the Cumberland Mountains by the 18th century.^[18] The Historical Cherokee Nation recognized the "Ayrate" meaning geographically "low" (lands) and "Ottare" meaning geographically "mountainous" (lands) elements of Southern Appalachian Mountains and Kentucky^[19]. West Virginia "Cherokee" migrated to Kentucky and some settled among the Lower Shawnee while others acculturated with the Virginia Fur Traders as mentioned in the notes below.^[20] The latter chose to associate with the General Managers exampled by C. Gist, Major Lewis and a number of other Virginia investor's frontier agents joining or otherwise evolving to the "Fireside Cabin Culture" and resulting in employment. Including these reasons, Archaeologists have not found any "Classic" Cherokee Nation sites north-east the Kanawhan region.^[21]

The earliest location of the Calicuas and kindred Chalaque is seen as two provinces of "Cherokee Country" of Cumberland Plateau and southern section of the Allegheny Plateau according to the Narrative (1540-41) of De Soto's expedition. What would be West Virginia Calicuas is found on Ortelius' issue in 1570 and again in 1642 by Blaeuw's map. The next map by Merian was issued about 1650 showing the Calicuas also on the general area of West Virginia.

Mingoe, "Before the formation of the League, the Mingos were merely the Iroquoian-speaking peoples of the Ohio Valley and it tributaries in what is now West Virginia, western Pennsylvania, and eastern Ohio," quoting Doctor Thomas McElwain.^[22] Unyææshæötká' was, or now is of few, the language of the West Virginia Mingo. Uyata'kéá' means the Cherokees (the "cave" kind, implying steep hollow). At the base of Seneca Rocks, two separate fort villages contained some 15 to 20 large (20 x 40 feet) homes. The Mann site proved to be a major Fort Ancient (Merriwether et al. 1995) A.D. 1450~1550 trade village occupied at Logan County. It laid up the Mud River a distant below the strange rock wall sites above Paint Creek watershed divide. In 1671, Thomas Batts wrote, "We understand the Mohecan Indians did here formerly live. It cannot be long since we found corn stalks in the ground." This site is found to be on Campbells Creek near Malden. The Shattera's (Swanton's Toteras element of Tutelo) village is shown at Williamson according to a letter written to the Lord of Trade, New York, dated April 13th, 1699. E.B. O'Callaghan M.D. also cited this source in his "Colonial History of the State of New York", published at Albany in 1856. There is uncertainty as which stream they migrated at first to Salem, Virginia, either their Big Sandy or the Great Kanawha rivers.^[23] The Williamson Shattteras neighbour at the south western Ohio villages, the Mosopelea, settled on the Cumberland River some time before 1673. They spoke a Siouan dialect similar to Biloxi and Tutelo, secondarily to Dakota.

Some of the latest Fort Ancients are in this Kanawhan Region. These people were supposed to have been destroyed at least a decade and much more for most sites before Woods explorations according to early writers. The "Talligewi" (Delaware name, Heckewelder) have been said to be ancient Alleghenian. The Rickohockans (recorded in 1658) were similar to the ancient Talligewi (Hewitt). Chief Cornstalk's Kentuck Shawnese parent's (Chalahgawtha) arrived on the upper Potomac tributaries about 1692 with the Sauvanoos from the south east colonies. (Darlington) They abandoned their villages on the Cacapon Valley in 1725. The French had made a better offer to provide carpenters to build towns and teachers to school the children on the Sciota Valley in Ohio. The "Canada" (place of villages Laurentian dialect) Jesuit's visited the Greenbrier Valley a little more than two decades earlier than Arthur. Very near the mouth of the Kanawha River (Rolf Lee 46Ms51) Fort Ancient site's radiocarbon date is of A.D. 1666 in Mason County, W. Va.^[24] The Tomahitans also lived in palisaded forts with raised platforms from which to shoot arrows at the enemy from the walls and friends to the Kanawha County, West Virginia location of the Monetons. To rebut, the Tomahitans accepted other tribe's members as subordinates-- remember.

Another mysterious name of early Colonial Virginia's questions of it's western mountains are the Messawomecks. The name seems to be only a generalization simpliest stated. This name appears on many following variations of the Captain John Smith's original map. The Atlas Minor Gerardi Mercatoris was first published in 1628 by Jansson prints. It is the first regional map of the Virginias to include a body of water beyond the Allegheny Mountains not necessarily meaning the Pacific Ocean. Variations also show villages along the south east shores, including the name, again, in smaller print along the Allegheny Mountain's west slopes. One copy has the body of water as a short river with no beginning or end. The period's atlas is based on NOVA VIRGINIAE TABVLA by Petrus Kaerius Coelavit (Burden #223)^[25] It was published in many atlas editions until the 17th mid-century. ^[26]

Étienne Brûlé and a dozen Huron were sent to meet with the Susquehanna by instructions of Champlain in 1617 to join them in war against the Iroquois League. Because Brûlé could not write, Champlain reported his path as going through New York which was not Susquehanna lands. Historians figure he saw the Delmarva Peninsula on the east side of the Chesapeake Bay as Champlain reports he met Dutchmen or Englishmen. Geography from his Lake Simcoe starting point suggest that he did not see the Susquehanna's on the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia region. The Spanish had a few outposts scattered in New England. One of these forts on the Pennsylvania and New York border was near the Allegheny Mountains and built by 1588. It is not so very distant from Dutch trapper's Albany, by 1634. Elements of the "Tobacco People" are reported south of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. It is conjectural to say how far south they extended during this time frame. They are reported to be similar to the Neutrals whom the Jesuits reported as taken in refugees. The "Anacostan Naturalls" are mentioned several times by the Baltimores as coming to trade.

Captain Henry Fleet arrived on the Potomac River after 1623. Later, William Claiborne, Sir John Wolstenholme, Clobery & Company and the Baltimores established a trading post at Kent Island (1631) on the upper Chesapeake Bay. They hired Fleet familiar with "Anacostan Naturalls" as a guide and interpreter. Leonard Calvert’s letter to Sir Richard Lechford, dated May 30, 1634, "The nation we trade withal at this time a-year is called the Massawomeckes. This nation cometh seven, eight, and ten days journey to us—these are those from whom Kircke had formerly all his trade of beaver."^[27] Captain Smith wrote of the Susquehannock, "They can make neere 600 able and mighty men, and are pallisadoed in their Townes to defend them from the Massawomekes their mortall enimies." In his book, "History Of The Commonwealth Of Pennsylvania," (Harrisburg, 1876) state librarian of Pennsylvania, William H. Egle may have correctly figured that the Massawomeke is the tribe later known by the name of Mohawk.

Like the other mysterious protohistoric people of the region, identifying the Massawomecks is a best educated guess due to lack of solid documentation. Although, the state's universities studies also include Jesuit writings before 1650 from the Récollets (A.D.1615) and other extrapolations from the period with field science. The Powhatan called the Iroquois the Massawomeck (Sultzman). Virginia's Native Americans said of these, "People beyond the Mountains."^[28]

Further information: Fur trade

[edit] W.Va. fort builder points

W.Va. fort builder points
image blown-up shows detail craftwork

Similar to the top tail feather used.

The points of Fort Ancient and Monongahela culture are unique and easily identified by beginner "arrow head" hunters. These are the slim little black flint triangle shapes for our area, not the more narrow-- spinning kind of the historic era. A lot of these sites and farmer's crop fields have also the slight longer, yet still having rather triangular shape showing generational style changes, relative age. A similar "Mississippian" Period Madison point will probably be late for the Kanawhan region for most sites. The transition period, Madison, with serrated edges are advanced bow and arrows leading into the state's two farmer fort building cultures. The expert collector can distinguish these, especially on the lower Ohio River where the cherts are more common and here showing a visit in trade or acculturation at the village. Some, especially the pretty translucents down the Ohio Valley, can have a notch at the base's edge for hafting. Material, method and location found, tells the scientist a great deal about the village. Stray projectiles of another region's material can possibly mean an attack if not a friendly visit.

The fort farmer's points were meant to come off embedding within and suffered not in flight to the spin. Therefore, they do not have stems nor notches of other culture's narrower notched styles. The more bulky kind and most having stem, most notched, are for atlatl saplings or spear and are often archaic or more likely mound builder's points (Adena or Hopewellian) along the river bottoms and water shed flats. The folk's atlatl was sapling of the creek bank that grows outward and soon up provides a little elbow to rest the shaft tail. These are the most basic common denominators in this element of (their) stone industry one looks for in a possible relative culture village site of the lawful scientist. Any grave is a sacred place though and by law, any grave marked or not is unlawful to disturb in West Virginia. One calls the sheriff if one stumbles onto a suspected human remains at ones private property digging for "arrow heads" which is lawful. He in turn will notify the proper people for you in this state. Both fort cultures also used a pike otherwise spear for both fort guarding and hunting larger game, but, more to walking staff. Long saplings of gigging was common up creeks. These had no stone point, but, either a bone barb or not, otherwise, having a single somewhat less half of a right angle slit that open wider when successfully accomplished in purpose. Although, small game was the staple along with Mussel, frog and creek-mouth fish (April spawning catfish), shifting between seasons waiting on warble fly to leave.

Bone industry, hooks & awls are inclusive, but, beyond stone industry scope, save smoking pipes, art, mortar and hammer and so on.^[29] The chert or flint and stone locations are generally known by local collectors to region as is the styles.

18th century Shawnee Chief Cornstalk explained why they did not live in the Kanawha Region, but only hunted here which released the border at the Kanawha Valley and it's tributaries and their Kentucky region. This was during a treaty talk at rebuilt fort at tu-end-u-wee and the last treaty concerning lands of West Virginia. The "Kentuck" tribe of his greater grand parent's young warriors mistakenly massacrued some "Moon Eye People" otherwise "Spiritual (holy) People" in this region of the state. They were superstitious. see: Azgens

The end dressing rock has the holes in them from usage and used with a bow to dress the shaft ends as if starting Boy Scout fire. Stories declare nut gather woman would steal that rock for nut cracking, but, the holes had to come first and the question is why-- shaft end dressing. The scraper with the two mysterious notches near each other is for sapling's bark removal and for shallow groove making on the fletch end for the two tail feather style arrows. These did not spin and pine pitch was used with slippery elm inner bark slivers. One tail feather was set with the quill spine into the slight groove which caused the tail feather to "V" shape a little. The other tail feather was set opposite the first. This caused a fletch of four narrow vanes that did not spin the arrow, unlike the historics. Later more narrow points were meant to spin. These use three feathers which quickly became more popular or common especially the last several decades of protohistoric West Virginia, Fur Trade Wars invasion. "Some things are better left to mystery", said the elders of some five decades ago. These three paragraphs are based on old local tellings of the elders of the Kanawhan Region descent.

[edit] Summary

The identification of the Monetons and the Unidentified People is a best educated guess work. There is no consensus. Arthur had to sign language (long trappers language) with the unidentfied people, having been around Virginia Siouan and Algonquian Powhatan whom surrounded the greater region of Fort Henry (today's Petersburg, Virginia & Richmond, Virginia region). Yuchi and Catawba are the Eastern Woodland's unique languages. He spent about a year with the Yuchi. He was sent to establish trade with the known Cherokee. It becomes apparent that the unidentfied people were one of the northern Iroquois dialects of which Arthur never met before, Huronian Iroquois dialects. These Ohio River people knew nothing of firearms, therefore did not have direct fur trade connections. They were most likely Mingo or kindred Erie^[30] who also speaks a Huronian-like Iroquois dialect. Mingo have always been identified with West Virginia's highest peaks in the heart of the state. This group has two statues standing in West Virginia for their honor. Last observation, if the unidentfied people were the Chaouenons, he could easily have spoken their "lingua franca" of the Algonquian languages dialect of the Fur Trade, Shawnee.^[31] As for the Moneton, the Tomahitans King, himself, clearly calls them the derivative "Great Water People". There are dozens of phrases in the various dialects that could be translated to "Great Water People". As so, the scholars discuss.

[edit] References

1. ^ Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora (Iroquois) means "waterway", "kye" is augmentive suffix.
   Kaniatarowanenneh means "big waterway" in Mohawk (Iroquois).
   Lachler, McElwain, and Burke http://www.mingolanguage.org/
   Mingo (Iroquois) etymology about boating: kaháwa' noun means boat. kényua'. This switch-interactive verb means to row a boat or more to ferry someone across a stretch of water. It belongs to the semantic fields the sea and transportation. Etymology kényua' -NYU- Verb Root. Grammatical Info Base -nyu-.Stem Class LX. Conjugation Class XX. kényua' "I row boats". kaháwa', (boat) grammatical info base -haw- Stem Class C, Prefix Class Agent, Linker Vowel ö. Note that the -h- at the beginning of this base is strong, and so does not drop out when it would come between two vowels. Varies with kahôwö'. Possessed Form akháwa' my boat. Plural Form kahawa'shö'ö boats. káhu' means "this way" or in this direction.
2. ^ [the name of the Kanawha on the Spanish map of Lopez y Cruz (1755), is given as "Tchalaquei" (the earliest Spanish form of "Cherokee," from the Choctaw, choluk, a hollow or cave); while'the Cherokee (now Tennessee) River itself is called "Rio de los Cherakis."] The Wilderness Trail (New York, 1911) Charles A. Hanna
3. ^ Monacan: "Monahassanaugh" of Smith's map of Virginia, Hale & Mooney states that the prefix "Ma", "Mo" and "Mon" may be the same as the Siouan "man" meaning "Land" or "Country".
   Monacan Indian Nation http://www.monacannation.com/
4. ^ Cross-checked with Britannica 1988 ed.
5. ^ Generational tellings calls this mix in the Kanawhan Region, "Monecagas" or "Monechee" as sometimes said in local dialects.
6. ^ THE JOURNEYS OF JAMES NEEDHAM AND GABRIEL ARTHUR IN 1673 AND 1674 THROUGH THE PIEDMONT AND MOUNTAINS OF NORTH CAROLINA TO ESTABLISH TRADE WITH THE CHEROKEE Contained in a letter from Abraham Wood to John Richards August 22, 1674 http://rla.unc.edu/archives/accounts/Needham/NeedhamText.html
7. ^ "NEW ADVENT, Second Edition of the New Advent, 2008 by Kevin Knight. Dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of Mary. The editor of New Advent Kevin Knight. The Catholic Encyclopedia. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15605a.htm (May 16, 2008)
   also: "The wilderness trail, or the ventures and adventures of the Pennsylvania]] traders on the Allegheny path, with some new annals of the old west, and the records of some strong men and some bad ones" (New York, 1911) Charles A. Hanna
   also:"...In my Letter of the 24th. Instant, I mentioned the arrival of thirteen of our Caghnawaga Friends (Hanson's Journal, Canawagh working on the Kanawha Valley April 1774.); They honored me with a Talk to-day as did three of the Tribes of St. Johns and Pasmiquoddi Indians; Copies of which I beg leave to inclose you. I shall write General Schuyler respecting the Tender of Service made by the former, and not to call for their Assistance, unless he shall at any time want it, or be under the necessity of doing it to prevent their taking the side of our Enemies...", George Washington to Continental Congress, January 30, 1776.
8. ^ Editor's Note:An example of the influx of the Moneton's region is found in the following quote in note: "The fight at the forks of the Pamunkey in 1656 in which Totopotamoi fell was really with the strange Ricahecrian Indians from beyond the mountains. The Rickahockans or Ricahecrians entered Virginia from beyond the mountains in 1656. Through misunderstanding and mismanagement they were attacked, and inflicted a severe defeat upon Colonel Edward Hill and the friendly Pamunkeys, at the forks of the river of that name. Neill, E. D. Virginia Carolorum, 245-246. The Bureau of American Ethnology identifies these Indians with the Cherokee [Mooney, Siouan Tribes of the East, also Handbook of American Indians, art. "Cherokee"]. They have also been identified with the Erie or Rique, who were defeated and expelled from their home on Lake Erie in 1655. [See Parkman, Jesuits in America, 438-441; Charlevoix, History of New France, vol. ii, 266.] They are referred to in many cases under the name "Riquehronnons" or "Rigueronnons"-Iroquois designations. [See Thwaites, Jesuit Relations, index s. v. "Eries;" Handbook of .American Indians, article "Erie," and synonyms.] They retired behind the Blue Ridge after defeating Hill, and remained there for several years.* Colonial Papers, Public Record Office, vol. xxiv; Winder Papers, Virginia State Library, vol. i, 252. Major William Harris is the same who accompanied Lederer on his second expedition. He received his rank in December, 1656, was Abraham Wood's subordinate in the Charles City County regiment, and is again mentioned in the militia records of that county, July 2, 1661. Hening, Statutes at Large, vol. i, 426; William and Mary Quarterly, vol. iv, 167-168."
   Sir William Talbot's "The Discoveries of John Lederer" The First Expedition from the head of Pemaeoncock, alias York-River (due West) to the. top of the Apalataean Mountains
   [Coxe's Account of the Activities of the English in the Mississippi Valley in the Seventeenth Century "A Memorial" by Dr. Daniel Coxe Report relative to the English discoveries in Carolina and Florida, and the settlement -of English and French claims (temp. George 1) : the writer Edward Billing"], The First Explorations of the Trans-Alleghany Region by the Virginians 1650- 1674" By Clarence Walworth Alvord and Lee Bidgood Published by The Arthur H. Clark Company, Cleveland, Ohio, 1912
9. ^ Editor Note: "Apparently some of the Neutrals were more closely attached to the Erie than the others, because both the Seneca and Huron often referred to both the Erie and Neutrals as the "Cat Nation." Sultzman, First Nations Histories
10. ^ Louise Welles Murray, Director, Tioga Point Museum, Athens, Pennsylvania, 1931
11. ^ "On 16 March, 1649 more than 1,000 Iroquois attacked Saint-Ignace (Taenhatentaron), then Saint-Louis, where Brébeuf the priest, Jesuit, founder of the Huron mission and his assistant, Gabriel Lalemant, were carrying on their work."-- BRÉBEUF, JEAN DE (called Échon by the Hurons), priest, Jesuit, founder of the Huron mission; b. 25 March 1593 at Condé-sur-Vire in Lower Normandy; martyred 16 March 1649 at the village of Saint-Ignace in the Huron country (in the region of Midland, Ontario), canonized 29 June 1930 by Pius XI and proclaimed by Pius XII on 16 Oct. 1940 patron saint of Canada along with his seven martyred companions.-- University of Toronto/Université Laval, http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=34214 (April 27, 2008)
12. ^ The Wyandots are called Tiononaties, Petuns or Petuneuae, Tobacco Indians, from their industrious habit of cultivating that plant. Petun (obsolete French for tobacco derived from the Brazilian) being a nickname given to them by the French traders. ("Historical Magazine," Vol. V, O. S., 1861, p. 263.) In the Mohawk dialect of the Iroquois the name for tobacco is O-ye-aug-wa. (Gallatin's "Synopsis American Aboriginal Archives," Vol. II, p. 484.) In the Huron of La Hontan, Vol. II, p. 103, Oyngowa; and in Campinus "History of New Sweden," in the Mingo (Mingo phrase: "Oyngowa").-- WILLIAM M. DARLINGTON [1815-1889]
    also: Tionontati was the name given them by the Huron and translates as "on the other side of the mountain," Sultzman, Histories, First Nations.
13. ^ Short title, "The Wilderness Trail", Hanna Pp. 119
14. ^ Geographic Overview of First Nations Histories, Location List of the Native Tribes of the US and Canada, Lee Sultzman, First Nations Histories (revised 10.11.06) http://www.dickshovel.com/erie.html (April 29, 2008)
15. ^ Wonderful West Virginia articles "Allegeny" and Wonderfull W.Va. Sept.1973, Pp.30, "Valley Falls Of Old", Walter Balderson
16. ^ Quoting from C. Gist journal 1753, November, "Thursday 15.—We set out, and at night encamped at George's Creek (near Fairfax Stone), about eight miles, where a messenger came with letters from my son, who was just returned from his people at the Cherokees, and lay sick at the mouth of Conegocheague (next major stream below Col Cresap's Fort Cumberland, upper Potomack River, Allegany Mountains.) --CHRISTOPHER GIST'S JOURNALS WITH HISTORICAL, GEOGRAPHICAL AND ETHNOLOGICAL NOTES AND BIOGRAPHIES OF HIS CONTEMPORARIES BY WILLIAM M. DARLINGTON [1815-1889] PITTSBURGH, J. R. WELDIN & CO., 1893
17. ^ In June, 1757, Captain Hamilton addressed Capt. Potter FORT LYTTLETON. Page 555-561. See Mr. Darlington's Map. There was a company of Cherokee Indians in King's pay, being at Fort Lyttleton, and Capt. Hamilton sent some of them to search along the foot of the Allegheny mountains to see if there were any signs of Indians on that route, and these Indians came upon Capt. Mercer, unable to rise; they gave him food, and he told them of the other; they took the captain's track and found him and brought him to Fort Lyttleton, carrying him on a bier of their own making. They took fourteen scalps on this expedition. Governor Morris directs E. Salter, April tenth, 1756: "When you get to Fort Lyttleton you will take upon oath what proofs you can of the certainty of Indian Isaacs having taken the scalp of Captain Jacobs, that he may be entitled to the reward."-- CLARENCE M. BUSCH. STATE PRINTER OF PENNSYLVANIA. 1896. Map: http://www.usgwarchives.org/pa/1pa/1picts/frontierforts/73edarlingtonmap.jpg
    The report: http://www.usgwarchives.org/pa/1pa/1picts/frontierforts/frontierforts.htm
18. ^ "the historic Overhill Cherokee, has a date range beginning at A.D. 1600 and continuing until A.D. 1838 or removal (Davis 1990:56)...Dickens (1976) suggests that the relationship between the Overhill phase culture and the Dallas phase culture involves a complex process of cultural hybridization. The later Dallas phase villages were significantly different from the earlier villages and they are much more like Overhill phase sites. They were larger, they do not have palisades or platform mounds, public and domestic structures were different and individual households are more widely dispersed in the villages."--Middle Tennessee Chapter 12: The Late Mississippian Period (AD 1350-1500) - Draft By Michaelyn Harle, Shannon D. Koerner, and Bobby R. Braly
19. ^ "History of American Indians" by Adair Pp. 239~241.
20. ^ THE DISCOVERY, SETTLEMENT And present State of KENTUCKE"(Page 100-103)--1784 Mr John Filson (1747-1788)
21. ^ The Piscataways (Conoys) are not mentioned by Smith, and Mooney thinks it likely that the names of Piscataway was "a collective term for several small tribes west of Patuxent, including, probably, the Moyaones (Conoy)" referred to by Captain Smith. The word, Conoy, occur later rather than earlier, an element of Piscataway.
22. ^ Dr. Thomas McElwain is on the faculty of the University of Stockholm in the Department of Comparative Religion. He is originally from West Virginia and is one of the few native speakers of West Virginia Mingo.
23. ^ "On The Historic Location of the Tutelo and The Mohetan In The Ohio Valley" by James B. Griffin
24. ^ Mason County, WV - An Archaeological Treasure by Darla Spencer, RPA, is Secretary/Treasurer of the West Virginia Archeological Society and member of the Council for West Virginia Archaeology. Photos and descriptions: http://www.pointpleasantwv.org/MasonCoHistory/ARCH/Arch_10.htm
25. ^ Off sight image of NOVA VIRGINIAE TABVLA by Petrus Kaerius Coelavit (Burden #223) http://www.mapsofpa.com/17thcentury/1630smith.jpg.
26. ^ Historical Maps of Pennsylvania, showing images of the region and state from the 16th to the 21st century. http://www.mapsofpa.com/home.htm
27. ^ "THE VIRGINIA INDIAN TRADE TO 1673" by Morrison, A. J. Citation: William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine series 2, 1 (October 1921): 217-36. Dinsmore Documentation (May 27, 2008)
28. ^ Editor's Note: "In August, 1675, Governor Andros went to Albany and had a conference with the “most warrlike Indyans neare a hundred miles beyound Albany which Indyans (and Associates to about four hundred miles further) applyed, declaring their former Allyance, and now submitted in an Extraordinary manner.” Two years later Andros sent two “Christians” to the Seneca to request them to send representatives to a conference at Albany. In the same year Wentworth Greenhalgh made a tour of inspection to all the Iroquois villages. Again in the late fall of 1677 Andros dispatched two white interpreters into the west to protest against the raids of the Iroquois and “far Indians” on the southern colonies. These messengers were stalled at Onondaga by the rigor of winter. Such incidents as these, while they reveal an interest in what lay beyond Albany, scarcely show a virile push westward of trading operations." "Documents relative to the colonial history of New York" (O’Callaghan, ed.)
29. ^ "They throw petun (tobacco) into the fire, and if, for example, they are addressing Heaven, they say 'Aronhiaté, onné aonstaniouas taitenr', 'Heaven, here is what I offer you in sacrifice, have mercy on me, help me!' or if it be to ask for health, 'taenguiaens', 'cure me'. (Jesuit Relations, primary source)
30. ^ Dr. Smith's 1720 map shows the Erie on the upper Ohio Valley.
31. ^ Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society At Their Thirty-first Annual Meeting, Held at Worcester, October 23, 1843, with the Address of Hon. John Davis. By American Antiquarian Society, John Davis, American Antiquarian Society
    http://books.google.com/books?id=TcQLAAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA142&ots=wix-XyfVO8&dq=Matisgamea&pg=PA142&ci=174,194,726,1236&source=bookclip