Mole (animal)
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17 genera, see text |
Moles are members of the mammal family Talpidae in the order Soricomorpha. Although most moles burrow, some species are aquatic or semi-aquatic. Moles have cylindrical bodies covered in fur with small or covered eyes; the ears are generally not visible. They eat small invertebrate animals living underground. Moles can be found in North America, Europe and Asia.
Male moles are called boars; females are called sows. A group of moles is called a labor. Since at least the era of Early Modern English the mole was also known in the UK as a "moldywarp" or "moldywarpes"[2] (plural).
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[edit] Diet
A mole's diet primarily consists of earthworms and other small invertebrates found in the soil. The mole may also occasionally catch small mice at the entrance to its burrow. Because their saliva contains a toxin that can paralyze earthworms, moles are able to store their still living prey for later consumption. They construct special underground "larders" for just this purpose; researchers have discovered such larders with over a thousand earthworms in them. Before eating earthworms, moles pull them between their squeezed paws to force the collected earth and dirt out of the worm's gut.[3]
The Star-nosed Mole can detect, catch and eat food faster than the human eye can follow (under 300 milliseconds).[4]
[edit] Evolution
Darwin cites moles as an example of mammals that have organs that have become vestigial and are being phased out by natural selection:
The eyes of moles and of some burrowing rodents are rudimentary in size, and in some cases are quite covered by skin and fur. This state of the eyes is probably due to gradual reduction from disuse, but aided perhaps by natural selection. In South America, a burrowing rodent, the tuco-tuco, or Ctenomys, is even more subterranean in its habits than the mole; and I was assured by a Spaniard, who had often caught them, that they were frequently blind. One which I kept alive was certainly in this condition, the cause, as appeared on dissection, having been inflammation of the nictitating membrane. As frequent inflammation of the eyes must be injurious to any animal, and as eyes are certainly not necessary to animals having subterranean habits, a reduction in their size, with the adhesion of the eyelids and growth of fur over them, might in such case be an advantage; and if so, natural selection would aid the effects of disuse. (Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species, Laws of Variation)
[edit] Classification
The family is divided into 3 subfamilies, 7 tribes, and 17 genera:
- Subfamily Scalopinae
- Tribe Condylurini
- Genus Condylura
- Tribe Scalopini
- Genus Parascalops
- Genus Scalopus
- Genus Scapanulus
- Genus Scapanus
- Tribe Condylurini
- Subfamily Talpinae
- Tribe Desmanini
- Tribe Neurotrichini
- Genus Neurotrichus
- Tribe Scaptonychini
- Genus Scaptonyx
- Tribe Talpini
- Genus Euroscaptor
- Genus Mogera
- Genus Parascaptor
- Genus Scaptochirus
- Genus Talpa
- Tribe Urotrichini
- Genus Dymecodon
- Genus Urotrichus
- Subfamily Uropsilinae
- Genus Uropsilus
[edit] Pest status
Moles are considered to be an agricultural pest in some countries, while in others, such as Germany, they are a protected species but may be killed if a permit is received. Problems cited as caused by moles include contamination of silage with soil particles making it unpalatable to animals, the covering of pasture with fresh soil reducing its size and yield, damage to agricultural machinery by the exposure of stones, damage to young plants through disturbance of the soil, weed invasion of pasture through exposure of fresh tilled soil, and damage to drainage systems and watercourses. Other species such as weasels and voles may use mole tunnels to gain access to enclosed areas or plant roots.
Moles burrow in lawns, raising molehills, and killing the lawn, for which they are sometimes considered pests. They can undermine plant roots, indirectly causing damage or death. Contrary to popular belief, moles don't eat plant roots.
They are controlled with traps, smoke bombs, and poisons such as calcium carbide and strychnine.
Other common remedies for moles include cat litter and blood meal, to repel the mole, or flooding or smoking its burrow. There are also devices sold to trap the mole in its burrow, when one sees the "mole hill" moving and therefore knows where the animal is, and then stabbing it. Humane traps which capture the mole alive so that it may be transported elsewhere are also options.
[edit] Similarly named animals
Other similar animals are found in family Chrysochloridae (the golden moles) and family Notoryctidae (the marsupial moles) which are not related to true moles.
There are also similar-looking but herbivorous rodents called mole-rats that lead a similar life and are commonly called "moles", although, unlike mole-rats, no species of true mole is known to be eusocial.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Hutterer, Rainer (2005-11-16). in Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds): Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition, Johns Hopkins University Press, 300-311. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
- ^ Rackham, Oliver, The Illustrated History Of The Countryside page 130 (quoting J.Fitzherbert, The boke of surveying and improvments - sic) ISBN 0-297-84335-4
- ^ The Life of Mammals, David Attenborough, 2002
- ^ Marsh-dwelling mole gives new meaning to the term 'fast food'
