Moka 'Kainga-mataa'
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Moka Kainga-mataa [Te Kaingamataa/Te Kaingamata/Te Kainga-mataa], was a controversial Māori chief. Distinguished in war and an intelligent participant in the Treaty of Waitangi process; Moka played a significant role in 19th Century New Zealand/Aotearoa History.
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[edit] Origin and mana
Moka Kainga-mataa was a Ngapuhi chief of Ngai Tawake descent, who along with his brothers Te Wharerahi and Rewa; formed the Patukeha hapū in memory of their slain mother Te Auparo and sister Te Karehu. Their mother and sister had been murdered and their bodies consumed, in an attack by the Ngare Raumati Iwi, upon Okuratope Pa, (Waimate North) in 1800. (Sissons, Wi Hongi & Hohepa, 2001, pp. 37-38, 133, 139-146).
Moka's father was killed and also consumed, during the battle of Moremonui in 1807, when the Ngapuhi went up against the Ngāti Whātua; in what is recognised to be the first battle in which Māori utilised firearms. (Percy Smith, 1910, pp. 46-7; Elder, 1932, p. 319; & Ballara, 2006).
[edit] Musket Wars
Moka and his two brothers Te Wharerahi and Rewa, participated in the bloody Musket Wars of the 1820s-1830s, which caused wholesale destruction across the North Island; resulting in numerous deaths, slavery, and the displacement of a large number of people. According to Percy Smith (1910) 'Moka, also known as Te Kainga-mataa, was...a distinguished chief among Hongi's [ Hongi Hika ] warriors...' (p. 95.[fn 64]). Moka took part in numerous battles, such as Mokoia, Te Totara, Matakitaki, and Te Ika-a-ranganui (where he was shot but recovered). During one of these Ngapuhi war raids to the Bay of Plenty, Moka would take a wife, Noho Kupenga Tipare; a Whakatohea chieftainess from Opotiki (Bay of Plenty) and they would have three sons and a daughter; Te Ahitapu, Rewiri Tarapata, Taawhi, and Hoki 'Peata'. (Elder, 1932, p. 342; & Percy Smith, 1910, pp. 218-343).
[edit] Role and stance on New Zealand Sovereignty and the Treaty of Waitangi
Despite being relatively overlooked by historians in relation to the Treaty process, Moka is the ONLY Maori chief to have been involved in all three events; these being the Declaration of Independence of New Zealand, Hobson's Proclamations and Treaty of Waitangi.
[edit] Declaration of Independence/He Wakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga o Nu Tireni
Moka and his two brothers were original signatories to the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand signed at Waitangi on October 28, 1835, which guaranteed the Māori chiefs their sovereignty with this document being officially recognised by the Crown in 1836. A few years later, the Crown could see the benefits to the British Empire in gaining sovereignty over these islands and in 1839, would decide to attempt to annex New Zealand. The Crown decided to achieve this by introducing a new document which would in effect, revoke the Declaration of Independence.
[edit] Hobson's Proclamation
Captain William Hobson was sent to New Zealand with the express aim, of ensuring that this new document was formulated and agreed upon by the Maori chiefs and he arrived in the Bay of Islands aboard the HMS Herald on January 29, 1840. King (1949) infers that on January 30, 1840, at the Christ Church, Kororareka, Hobson read a number of proclamations which related to the Crown's intention to extend the territories of New South Wales to include New Zealand, and Hobson's commission to become Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand; as well as clarify guidelines in relation to land transactions, especially the issue in relation to pre-emption. Moka would be present and would be the ONLY Māori chief to sign this document Hobson's proclamation signed by inhabitants (King, 1949, Port in the North: A Short History of Russell. p. 38).
[edit] Treaty of Waitangi/Tiriti o Waitangi
On February 5, 1840, the three brothers attended a large hui at Waitangi (400 people) where they had an opportunity to speak publicly about the agreement which would become known as the Tiriti o Waitangi or Treaty of Waitangi. Rewa and Moka vigorously opposed the signing, whilst Te Wharerahi sided with the Crown. Rewa informed Hobson that they didn't need the Crown as they were their own rulers, they held sovereignty over New Zealand, and told Hobson to go back to England.
Phillipson (2004) states "[Moka]...was an important northern alliance leader, and he threw the weight of his mana behind his brother's opposition to the kawana and the Treaty." (p. 244). Moka asked Hobson a number of pertinent questions, as well as making some telling statements.
Colenso (1890) records the events of the day and states that Moka said "Let the Governor return to his own country: let us remain as we were. Let my lands be returned to me--all of them--those that are gone with Baker. Do not say, 'The lands will be returned to you.' Who will listen to thee, O Governor? Who will obey thee? Where is Clendon? Where is Mair? Gone to buy our lands notwithstanding the book [proclamation] of the Governor." (p. 19).
He had brought to public attention, the fact that a number of Europeans had been breaking the law in relation to the Proclamation signed only a week prior.
Phillipson (2004) elaborates: "...Moka did not express concerns that the kawana would have a greater authority than the chiefs'. Instead, his entire concern was focussed on the land question, pre-emption (the only explicit discussion of this part of the Treaty), and whether the kawana would actually have enough authority to enforce pre-emption with Europeans." (p. 244).
According to Colenso (1890) on this being interpreted to Hobson; he replied "that all lands unjustly held would be returned; and that all claims to lands, however purchased, after the date of the Proclamation would not be held to be lawful." Following Hobson's explanation, Moka also publicly challenged Charles Baker to return his land, saying "That is good, O Governor! That is straight. But stay, let me see. Yes, yes, indeed! Where is Baker? where is the fellow? Ah, there he is--there standing! Come, return to me my lands." Moka approached the raised platform on which Baker was standing and waited for an answer. This question would also serve as a test of Hobson's authority and power over his subjects. Baker would insult Moka by whispering "E Hoki Koia?" meaning "Will it indeed return?" and Hobson's lack of understanding of Maori language and subsequent ignorance of this insult, would see him take no immediate action. Moka then replied "There! Yes, that is as I said. No, no, no; all false , all false alike. The lands will not return to me." (p. 19).
Dr's Orange & Parkinson point out that this public statement was embarrassing for the Crown, as this did not portray the Europeans' behaviour in a positive light (Orange. 1987. p. 47) & (Parkinson. 2005. p. 53).
Later in the proceedings, "...Wharerahi, one of the most important and senior of the northern alliance chiefs, and older brother of Rewa and Moka...now spoke in support of it [Treaty]....He was the first chief to appeal to the idea that having the governor would assist in the creation of peace between the tribes..." (Phillipson, 2004, p. 247).
Wharerahi said: "Is it not good to be in peace? We will have this man as our Governor. What! turn him away! Say to this man of the Queen, Go back! No, no." (Colenso, 1890, p. 23). According to Salmond (1997) '...this speech by a very powerful rangatira marked a shift in opinion at the hui.' (Phillipson, 2004, p. 247).
Hokianga chiefs; Eruera Maihi Patuone and his brother Tamati Waka Nene, would join Wharerahi and show their support toward the Crown, by arguing for them to remain in New Zealand.
The following day, a number of chiefs including Te Wharerahi, decided to sign the Treaty and although Rewa held reservations, eventually he too would sign. However, it appears as though Moka refused to sign this document on principle.
[edit] Points of note
Although Moka's name appears on the Tiriti o Waitangi (in well-developed English cursive) and academics and historians claim that he signed this document - his 'mark' is notably absent.
Sydney-based Maori academic, Brent Kerehona (Ngapuhi/Whakatohea/Tuhoe/Whanau-a-Apanui), infers that on close inspection, it seems as though Moka was a person of high significance. He was an original signatory to the Declaration of Independence (the same document that the Crown had aimed to revoke), was the ONLY Maori signatory to the Proclamation and after raising specific issues, as well as questioning Hobson about pre-emption and illegal land transactions at the meeting at Waitangi; appears not to have been satisfied with the explanations provided and chose not to sign the Treaty of Waitangi.
Despite a number of other chiefs and his two older brothers signing this document, it appears as though Moka chose not to follow their lead. A man of vision and principles or maybe just plain stubborn - whatever the reason for refusing to sign the Tiriti o Waitangi; Moka was a brave man and a man of mana (honour). (Kerehona 2007).
[edit] References
Colenso, W. 1890. The Authentic And Genuine History Of The Signing Of The Treaty Of Waitangi.
Declaration of Independence. Dated 28 October 1835. Alexander Turnbull Library: Wellington.
Elder, ?. 1932.
Hobson's proclamation signed by the inhabitants. Dated 30 January 1840. Archives New Zealand; Wellington.
Kerehona, B. 2007. (Draft) Born for War: New Zealand Military History - A Family Perspective (Proposed publishing date mid 2009).
King, M. 1949. Port in the North: A Short History of Russell.
Orange, C. 1987. The Treaty of Waitangi.
Parkinson, P. 2005. English Drafts of the Treaty of Waitangi.
Phillipson, G. 2004. Bay of Islands: Ngapuhi and the Crown 1793-1853.
Pittman, B. The Patuone Website. Patuone - A Life. Treaty of Waitangi. http://www.patuone.com/files_life/treaty.html
Salmond, A. 1997. Between Worlds: Early Exchanges Between Maori and Europeans 1773-1815.
Sissons, Wi Hongi & Hohepa. 2001. Nga Puriri o Taiamai: A Political history of Nga Puhi in the inland Bay of Islands.
Smith, S. 1910. Maori Wars of the 19th Century. http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-SmiMaor-t1-body-d37.html
Waitangi Treaty Copy. New Zealand History Online webpage. http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/interactive/treaty-of-waitangi-copy#moka
Treaty Biographies. Moka Te Kainga-mataa. New Zealand History Online. http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/people/moka-te-kainga-mataa
[1] - Declaration of Independence
