Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh

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Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh

محمد علی جمالزاده

Birth name Sayyed Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh
Born January 13, 1892
Tehran, Iran Flag of Iran
Died November 7, 1997
Geneva, Switzerland Flag of Switzerland
Nationality Iranian
Field Short Story
Works Yeki Bud Yeki Nabud (Once Upon a Time)

Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh (Persian: محمد علی جمالزاده, January 13, 1892, Isfahan, Iran — November 7, 1997, Geneva, Switzerland) was one of the most prominent writers of Iran in the 20th century, best known for his unique style of humour. In view of his vast influence over Persian short-story writing, he is often referred to as the father of this genre in Iran.

Contents

[edit] Biography

Sayyed Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh,[1] the founder of the Persian short-story genre, was born in Esfahan into a middle-class family. The date of his birth is uncertain; years between 1892 to 1896 have been mentioned and, by the end of his life, even he himself was not certain of the actual year. The year 1895 has traditionally been taken as the year of his birth.

Sayyed Jamal ad-Din Esfahani, father of Jamalzadeh. He was killed on the order of Mohammad-Ali Shah Qajar in 1908.
Sayyed Jamal ad-Din Esfahani, father of Jamalzadeh. He was killed on the order of Mohammad-Ali Shah Qajar in 1908.

Jamalzadeh's father, Sayyed Jamal ad-Din Esfahani, was a progressive mullah and preacher who became a constitutional revolutionary, delivering raging sermons which inspired his son but cost him his life; he was executed in 1908 on the order of Mohammad-Ali Shah Qajar who considered him among the most dangerous of his enemies.[2][3] The young Jamalzadeh lived in Iran only until he was twelve or thirteen. Thereafter, he lived in Lebanon, where he attended the Aintoura Catholic School (1908) near Beirut, in France (1910), and in Switzerland where he read law at University of Lausanne and later at University of Burgundy in Dijon, France.

Jamalzadeh in 1915
Jamalzadeh in 1915

After his father's death, Jamalzadeh's life took a turn for the worse, but thanks to many supporting friends and to occasional paid teaching jobs, he survived starvation. By the time of the World War I, still in his early age, he joined a group of Iranian nationalists in Berlin and, in 1915, founded a newspaper (Rastakhiz) for this group in Baghdad.[4] During this time he also worked for the periodical Kāveh (1916).[5] In 1917, he published his first book Ganj-e Shaye-gan (The Worthy Treasure). An overview of Iran of the turn of the century, Ganj-e Shaye-gan deals with Iran's socio-political and economic problems, a major contribution which bridges the gap between literature and science. In the same year he represented the Nationalists at the World Congress of Socialists in Stockholm. His later years, until 1931 when he settled in Geneva and worked thereafter for the International Labour Organization, were spent in temporary employments, such as one at the Iranian embassy in Berlin.

Kāveh (کاوه), No. 9, 4 September 1921, Berlin
Kāveh (کاوه), No. 9, 4 September 1921, Berlin

During all these years, Jamalzadeh had very little contact with Iran. But that did not bar him from learning Persian on his own. Drawing on his scant experiences gained at a young age, he wrote about the lives of contemporary Iranians. His preoccupation with the use of language and his Dickensian style of writing, including repetitions, piling up of adjectives, and using popular phrases, quickly remind the reader of Jamalzadeh's background and of his sincere intentions. However, his physical distance from the scenes of the events described in his stories somewhat compromises the accuracy of his works.

Jamalzadeh's major work Yeki Bud Yeki Nabud [6] (یکی بود یکی نبود - Once Upon a Time), published in 1921 in Berlin, did not reach Iran until a year later, and when it did, it was not received favourably. The public, especially the clergy, loathed Jamalzadeh's portrayal of their country to the degree that copies of the book were burned in public squares. A collection of six short stories, Yeki Bud Yeki Nabud deals with the social and political conditions in Iran at the turn of the century, a subject that up to then had been outside the purview of writers and poets in general. Moreover, interwoven with this is a considerable amount of militancy against Western interference in Iran and an open mockery of religious fanaticism. Jamalzadeh's simple and colloquial style, combined with a measured humour, enhanced the impact of his writings, making his stories such as Yeki Bud Yeki Nabud and Farsi Shekar ist (Persian is Sugar) even more poignant than otherwise would be the case.

This hostile public reaction affected Jamalzadeh to the degree that for the next twenty years he refrained from engaging in any literary activities. He began writing again in the 1940s, but by that time he had lost the dexterity that imparted conciseness, novelty of form, originality of ideas, a biting sense of humor, and a tight structure to his earlier stories. Tautologism, a tendency toward using sage remarks, making mystical and philosophical speculations, and disregard for order became the hallmark of his later writings. Sahra-ye Mahshar (Armageddon) (1947), Talkh-o Shirin (Bitter and Sweet) (1955), Kohne va Now (Old and New) (1959), Qair az Khoda Hichkas Nabud (None Existed Except God) (1961), Asman-o Risman (The Blue Yonder and Rope) (1965), Qesse-ha-ye Kutah Bara-ye Bachcheha-ye Rish-dar (Short Stories for Bearded Children [i.e. for Adults]) (1974), and Qesse-ye Ma be Akhar Rasid [7] (Thus Ends Our Story) (1979) were written during this phase of his literary activity. Although Jamalzadeh continued to criticise the court and the clergy, some of his works of this period lack his original unique Persian style, even though he is at times as biting and as veracious as in his earlier writings.[8]

In addition to Persian, Jamalzadeh was fluent in French, German, and Arabic. He translated many books from the latter languages into Persian.

After the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Jamalzadeh returned to Iran. To the surprise of many, he supported the changes brought about by Ayatollah Khomeini and praised the clergy in numerous public interviews[citation needed].

Jamalzadeh died at the of age 105 in Geneva, Switzerland.

[edit] Notes and References

  1. ^ Jamalzadeh is also transliterated Jamalzada, Jamal-zadeh, or Jamalzadah. Further, Sayyed (a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad) is a variant spelling of Sayyid.
  2. ^ "As to the ulama in the constitutional revolution, there were varying degrees of support for a constitution and of awareness of its implications. Among the popular preachers there were a number in the tradition of Afghani — men brought up with a religious education and filling, more than Afghani, religious functions, notably preaching, but who were not themselves believers in any usual sense. These included most notably two preacher friends from Isfahan — Malek al-Motakallemin [1] and Sayyed Jamal ad-Din Esfahani, the former the father of the historian of the constitutional revolution, Mehdi Malekzadeh, and the latter the father of Iran's first great modern short-story writer, Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh. Malek al-Motakallamin was long an Azali Bábí, although by the time he became a preacher in the revolution he appears to have lost even this belief, while Sayyed Jamal ad-Din Esfahani was described by his son as a freethinker. They both recognized the appeal of Islam to the masses and bazaaris, however. [...] In Tehran, the two became major preachers of the revolutionary and constitutional cause, explaining it in familiar Muslim terms emphasizing such Islamic concepts, particularly central in Shi'ism, as Justice and Oppression. Mohammad-Ali Shah considered them among the most dangerous of his enemies and had them both killed in 1908, as he did the editor of Sur-e Esrafil, Mirza Jahangir Khan, also of Bábí background." Nikki R. Keddie, with a section by Yann Richard, Modern Iran - Roots and Results of Revolution, updated edition (Yale University Press, New Haven, 2003), pp. 179 and 180.
  3. ^ "After an unsuccessful attempt on his [Mohammad-Ali Shah's] life, the shah achieved, following a failed coup, a successful coup d'état with the help of the Russian-led Cossack Brigade in June 1908. The majles was closed and many popular nationalist leaders, especially those of more advanced views, were arrested and executed. The radical preachers Jamal ad-Din Esfahani (caught while trying to flee), Malek al-Motakallemin and the editor of Sur-e Esrafil, Mirza Jahangir Khan (the last two had Azali Bábí ties), were among those killed. Taqizadeh along with some others found refuge in the British Legation, whence he went abroad for a time." Nikki R. Keddie, op. cit., p. 70.
  4. ^ See Ebrahim Poordavood.
  5. ^ See Sayyed Hasan Taqizadeh.
  6. ^ The literal translation of the phrase Yeki Bud Yeki Nabud is One Was There And One Was Not There, or There Was One And There Wasn't One, alluding to an indefinite time and place. Opening a story by Yeki Bud Yeki Nabud prepares the hearers (especially those of very young age) or readers that what they are about to hear or read is not necessarily true. Many may agree with the writer of this footnote, that hearing the words Yeki Bud Yeki Nabud immediately creates a very warm and intimate feeling in children; this feeling is often invoked even in those of advanced age upon hearing this phrase.
  7. ^ Qesse-ye Ma be Akhar Rasid, or Qesse-ye Ma be Sar Rasid, is also a traditional phrase which often ends Persian stories for children; these stories are often enclosed by Yeki Bud Yeki Nabud and Qesse-ye Ma be Akhar Rasid.
  8. ^ Sadegh Hedayat's works, especially his Tupp-e Morvari (Pearl Cannon), are devoted to a parody of the twin pillars of the Iranian government of his time, court and clergy.

[edit] Works

[edit] Writings

  • Shaygan's Treasure (1916)
  • Iran and Russia Relations (1921)
  • Yeki Bud Yeki Nabud (Once Upon a Time) (1921)
  • Prosperity Garden (1938)
  • Sadi's Councils (1938)
  • Lunatic Asylum (1941)
  • Story of Stories (1941)
  • Amo Hosseinali's Biography (1942)
  • Qoltashan Collection (1946)
  • Gathering Desert (1947)
  • Rah-Ab Nameh (1947)
  • A Man with Thousand Professions (1947)
  • Masoumeh Shirazi [play] (1954)
  • Bitter and Sweet (1955)
  • Sar va Tah Yeh Karbas (1956)
  • Masterpiece (1958)
  • Pipe's Voice (1958)
  • Old and New (1959)
  • Jamali's Kashkoul (1960)
  • There was no one unless God (1961)
  • Seven Countries (1961)
  • Soil and Human (1961)
  • Vulgar Encyclopedia (1962)
  • Earth, Landlord and Peasant (1962)
  • Mysteries' Small Box (1963)
  • Cock-and-Bull [Story] (1964)
  • Method of Writing and Story Writing (1966)
  • Shiraz and Humor of Us, Iranian (1966)
  • Short Stories for Bearded Children (1973)
  • Isfahan (1973)
  • Nightingale (1973)
  • Qanbar Ali, A Generous of Shiraz (1973)
  • Our Story is Finished (1978)
  • Familiar Democracy (1984)
  • Acquaintance with Hafiz Thesis (1988)

[edit] Translation

[edit] Further reading

  • Mohammad Ali Jazayery, Review: Modern Persian Prose Literature, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 90, No. 2, pp. 257 - 265 (1970). [2]
  • Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh, Encyclopædia Britannica online. [3]
  • History of Iran, Constitutional Revolution 1906-1911, Iran Chamber Society. [4]
  • John Foran, The Strengths and Weaknesses of Iran’s Populist Alliance: A Class Analysis of the Constitutional Revolution of 1905 - 1911, Theory and Society, Vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 795-823 (December 1991). JSTOR
  • Nikki R. Keddie, with a section by Yann Richard, Modern Iran - Roots and Results of Revolution, updated edition (Yale University Press, New Haven, 2003). ISBN 0-300-09856-1
  • Ahmad Kasravi, Tarikh-e Mashruteh-ye Iran (تاریخ مشروطهٔ ایران) (History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution), in Persian, 951 p. (Negāh Publications, Tehran, 2003), ISBN 9643511383. Note: This book is also available in two volumes, published by Amir Kabir Publications in 1984. Amir Kabir's 1961 edition is in one volume, 934 pages.
  • Ahmad Kasravi, History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution: Tarikh-e Mashrute-ye Iran, Volume I, translated into English by Evan Siegel, 347 p. (Mazda Publications, Costa Mesa, California, 2006). ISBN 1568591977
  • Mehdi Malekzādeh, Tārikh-e Enqelāb-e Mashrutyyat-e Iran (تاريخ انقلاب مشروطيت ايران) (The History of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran), in 7 volumes, published in 3 volumes, 1697 p. (Sokhan Publications, Tehran, 2004 — 1383 AH). ISBN 964-372-095-0
  • Mangol Bayat, Iran’s First Revolution: Shi’ism and the Constitutional Revolution of 1905 – 1909, Studies in Middle Eastern History, 336 p. (Oxford University Press, 1991). ISBN 019506822X
  • A Day in Rostamabad of Shemiran [5]

[edit] Sources

[edit] See also

[edit] External Links

  • Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh in conversation with Farhad Sepahbodi, YouTube:
— Jamalzadeh in Park,
— Jamalzadeh, famous Iranian writer,
— Part 3,
— Part 4.