Modal realism
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Modal realism is the view, notably propounded by David Lewis, that possible worlds are as real as the actual world. It is based on the following notions: that possible worlds exist; possible worlds are not different in kind to the actual world; possible worlds are irreducible entities; the term "actual" in "actual world" is indexical.
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[edit] The term "possible world"
The term goes back to Leibniz' theory of possible worlds; used to analyze necessity, possibility, and similar modal notions. In short: the actual world is regarded as merely one among an infinite set of logically possible worlds, some nearer to the actual world and some more remote. A statement is called necessary if it is true in all possible worlds, and possible if it is true in at least one.
[edit] Main tenets of modal realism
At the heart of David Lewis's modal realism are six central doctrines about possible worlds:
- Possible worlds exist — they are just as real as our world;
- Possible worlds are the same sort of things as our world — they differ in content, not in kind;
- Possible worlds cannot be reduced to something more basic — they are irreducible entities in their own right.
- "Actual" is indexical. When we distinguish our world from others by claiming that it alone is actual, we mean only that it is ours — we live here.
- Possible worlds are unified by the spatiotemporal interrelations of their parts; possible worlds are spatiotemporally isolated from each other.
- Possible worlds are causally isolated from each other.
[edit] Details and alternatives
In philosophy possible worlds are usually regarded as real but abstract possibilities, but at times as a mere metaphor, abbreviation or façon de parler for sets of counterfactual propositions.
Lewis himself not only claimed to take modal realism seriously (although he did regret his choice of the expression modal realism), he also insisted that his claims should be taken literally:
- "By what right do we call possible worlds and their inhabitants disreputable entities, unfit for philosophical services unless they can beg redemption from philosophy of language? I know of no accusation against possibles that cannot be made with equal justice against sets. Yet few philosophical consciences scruple at set theory. Sets and possibles alike make for a crowded ontology. Sets and possibles alike raise questions we have no way to answer. [...] I propose to be equally undisturbed by these equally mysterious mysteries." (David Lewis, Convention, 1968, p. 208)
- "How many [possible worlds] are there? In what respects do they vary, and what is common to them all? Do they obey a nontrivial law of identity of indiscernibles? Here I am at a disadvantage compared to someone who pretends as a figure of speech to believe in possible worlds, but really does not. If worlds were creatures of my imagination, I could imagine them to be any way I liked, and I could tell you all you wished to hear simply by carrying on my imaginative creation. But as I believe that there really are other worlds, I am entitled to confess that there is much about them that I do not know, and that I do not know how to find out." (David Lewis, Counterfactuals, 1973, pp. 87-88)
[edit] Criticisms
While it may appear to be a simply extravagant account of modality, modal realism has proven to be historically quite resilient, and has so far resisted all attempts at definitive refutation. Lewis's own extended presentation of the theory (On the Plurality of Worlds, 1986) raises and then counters several lines of argument against it. That work is still the best introduction not only to the theory, but to its reception among philosophers. The many objections that continue to be published are typically variations on one or other of the lines that Lewis has already canvassed.
Here are some of the major categories of objection:
- Catastrophically counterintuitive
The theory does not accord with our deepest intuitions about reality. This is sometimes called "the incredulous stare", since it lacks argumentative content, and is merely an expression of the affront that the theory represents to "common sense" philosophical and pre-philosophical orthodoxy. Lewis is concerned to support the deliverances of common sense in general: "Common sense is a settled body of theory — unsystematic folk theory — which at any rate we do believe; and I presume that we are reasonable to believe it. (Most of it.)" (1986, p. 134). But most of it is not all of it (otherwise there would be no place for philosophy at all), and Lewis finds that reasonable argument and the weight of such considerations as theoretical efficiency compel us to accept modal realism. The alternatives, he argues at length, can themselves be shown to yield conclusions offensive to our modal intuitions.
- An inflated ontology
Some object that modal realism postulates vastly too many entities, compared with other theories. It is therefore, they argue, vulnerable to Occam's razor, according to which we should prefer, all things being equal, those theories that postulate the smallest number of entities. Lewis's reply is that all things are not equal, and in particular competing accounts of possible worlds themselves postulate more classes of entities, since there must be not only one real "concrete" world (the actual world), but many worlds of a different class altogether ("abstract" in some way or other).
- Too many worlds
This is perhaps a variant of the previous category, but it relies on appeals to mathematical propriety rather than Occamist principles. Some argue that Lewis's principles of "worldmaking" (means by which we might establish the existence of further worlds by recombination of parts of worlds we already think exist) are too permissive. So permissive are they, in fact, that the total number of worlds must exceed what is mathematically coherent. Lewis allows that there are difficulties and subtleties to address on this front (1986, pp. 89-90). Daniel Nolan ("Recombination unbound", Philosophical Studies, 1996, vol. 84, pp. 239-262) mounts a sustained argument against certain forms of the objection; but variations on it continue to appear.
- Island universes
On the version of his theory that Lewis strongly favours, each world is distinct from every other world by being spatially and temporally isolated from it. Some have objected that a world in which spatio-temporally isolated universes ("island universes") coexist is therefore not possible, by Lewis's theory (see for example Bigelow, John, and Pargetter, Robert, "Beyond the blank stare", Theoria, 1987, Vol. 53, pp. 97-114). Lewis's awareness of this difficulty discomfits him; but he can reply that other means of distinguishing worlds may be available, or alternatively that sometimes there will inevitably be further surprising and counterintuitive consequences — beyond what we had thought we would be committed to at the start of our investigation. But this fact in itself is hardly surprising.
A continuing theme in Lewis's replies to the critics of modal realism is the use of tu quoque argument: your account would fail in just the same way that you claim mine would. A major heuristic virtue of Lewis's theory is that it is sufficiently definite for objections to gain some foothold; but these objections, once clearly articulated, can then be turned equally against other theories of the ontology and epistemology of possible worlds.
- Mathematical versus physical reality
Another criticism levelled against modal realism, specifically applied to the mathematical expression of it, Max Tegmark's Ultimate ensemble, is that it equates mathematical reality with physical reality:
Physical existence is something that we have some experience of. We probably can't define it but, like many things we have difficulty defining, we know it when we see it. Mathematical existence is a far weaker thing, but much easier to define. Mathematical existence just means logical self-consistency: this is all that is needed for a mathematical statement to be "true". (Barrow, 2002, pp. 279–80)
However, as Damon Woolsey points out [1], the rather intuitive notion of physical existence being defined by its comprising "real stuff" is the true metaphysical extravagance. The existence of "real stuff" constituting the building blocks of matter would be indetectable, because the question of whether any actual "physical stuff" exists or not could have no effect on the interactions of matter we observe, and thus there is no reason to suppose the existence of the "real stuff" that constitutes matter. Occam's Razor actually prefers modal realism over other explanations because it posits the existence of one less unobservable category of existence: namely, physical substance.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- David Lewis, Counterfactuals, (1973 [revised printing 1986]; Blackwell & Harvard U.P.)
- David Lewis, Convention: A Philosophical Study, (1969; Harvard University Press)
- David Lewis, On the Plurality of Worlds (1986; Blackwell)
- David Armstrong, A Combinatorial Theory of Possibility (1989; Cambridge University Press)
- Colin McGinn, "Modal Reality" (Reduction, Time, and Reality, R.Healey [ed.]; Cambridge University Press)
- John D. Barrow, The Constants of Nature (2002; published by Vintage in 2003)
- Damon Woolsey, A Fundamental Theory of Genuine Modal Realism (2005, unpublished, accessed from [2] on the 22nd of April, 2008)
