Mixed government
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Mixed government, also known as a mixed constitution, is a form of government that integrated facets of democracy, oligarchy, and monarchy. Mixed government means that there are some issues (often defined in a constitution) where the state is governed by the majority of the people, while in some other issues (also often defined in a constitution) the state is governed by few or by a single person.
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[edit] Ancient Greek philosophers
Plato in his book The Republic divided governments into four basic types:
- democracy - government by the many
- oligarchy - government by the few (often called aristocracy, i.e. government by the "best")
- timocracy - government by socio-military complexes (i.e., the form of government used in Sparta)
- monarchy/tyranny - government by the one
He found flaws with all of them and thus concluded that none were suitable systems of government. Aristotle largely embraced Plato's ideas and in his Politics three types (sans Timocracy) are discussed in detail. Aristotle views aristocracy to be the ideal form of government but he observes that none of the three are healthy and that states will cycle between the three forms in an abrupt and chaotic process known as the kyklos. In his Politics he lists a number of theories of how to create a stable government. One of these options is creating a government that is a mix of all three forms of government. For Aristotle the idea is only one of many and he pays only scant attention to it.
Polybius argued that most states have a government system that is composed of more than one of these basic principles, which then was called a mixed government system.
[edit] Roman Era
The ideal of a mixed government was popularized by Polybius who saw the Roman Republic as a manifestation of Aristotle's theory. Monarchy was embodied by the consuls, the aristocracy by the Senate, and democracy by the elections and great public gatherings of the assemblies. Each institution complements and also checks the others, presumably guaranteeing stability and prosperity. Polybius also describes Sparta as an earlier manifestation of this ideal. Polybius was very influential and his ideas were embraced by Cicero.
[edit] Renaissance and Enlightenment
Cicero became extremely well regarded during the Renaissance and many of his ideas were embraced. Polybius was also rediscovered and the positive view of mixed governments became a central aspect of Renaissance political science closely integrated into the developing notion of republicanism. Mixed government theories were also popular in the Enlightenment and were discussed in detail by Montesquieu. According to some scholars[who?] the notion also influenced the writers of the United States Constitution who based the idea of checks and balances upon the ancient theory. The constitution of Britain during the Victorian Era with a Parliament composed of the Sovereign (monarchy), a House of Lords (oligarchy) and House of Commons (democracy) is a prime example of a mixed constitution in the modern era.
[edit] Modern views
One school of scholarship, based mainly in the United States, felt that a mixed government was the central characteristic of a republic. As it is misrepresented that the, the U.S. has rule by the one (the President), the few (the Senate, which was originally supposed to represent the States), and the many (House of Representatives), because all offices are elected by the people it is all a rule by many via representatives. According to Frank Lovett this school is largely defunct.[1]
