Mitsubishi J8M
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| J8M1 Shūsui | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Type | Interceptor |
| Manufacturer | Mitsubishi |
| Maiden flight | 7 July 1945 |
| Primary users | IJA Air Service IJN Air Service |
| Produced | 1944-1945 |
| Number built | 7 |
| Developed from | Messerschmitt Me 163 |
The Mitsubishi J8M Shūsui (Japanese: 三菱 J8M 秋水, "Sharp Sword" turned from "Clear Autumn Water") was a rocket-powered interceptor aircraft closely based on the German Me 163 "Komet".
Contents |
[edit] Design and development
The J8M1 was intended to be a licence-built copy of the Messerschmitt Me 163 "Komet". Difficulties in shipping an example to Japan meant that the aircraft eventually had to be reverse-engineered from a flight operations manual and other limited documentation. A single prototype was tested before the end of World War II.
The Japanese were quite aware of the results of the strategic bombing of Germany, and knew that the B-29 would be bombing Japan and the resultant problems which would arise from trying to combat this. Japanese military attachés had become aware of the "Komet" after a visit to the Luftwaffe squadron evaluation aircraft centre Erprobungskommando 16. They negotiated the rights to licence-produce the aircraft and its Walter HWK 509A rocket engine. The engine license itself cost the Japanese 20 million Reichsmarks.
The agreement was for Germany to provide the following by spring 1944:
- Complete blueprints of the Me 163B "Komet" and the HWK 509A engine.
- One complete "Komet"; two sets of sub-assemblies and components.
- Three complete HWK 509A engines.
- Inform Japan of any improvements and developments in the "Komet".
- Allow the Japanese to study the manufacturing processes for both the "Komet" and engine.
- Allow the Japanese to study Luftwaffe operational procedures for the "Komet".
The broken-down aircraft and engine were sent to Kobe, Japan in early 1944. It is probable that the airframe was on the Japanese submarine RO-501 (ex-U-1224), which left Kiel, Germany on 30 March 1944 and was sunk in the mid-Atlantic on 13 May 1944 by the hunter-killer group around the aircraft carrier USS Bogue. Plans and engines were on Japanese submarine I-29, which left Lorient, France on 16 April 1944 and arrived in Singapore on 14 July 1944, later sunk 26 July 1944 after leaving Singapore by USS Sawfish near the Philippines.
The Japanese decided to attempt to copy the Me 163 using a basic instructional manual on the Komet in the hands of naval mission member Commander Eiichi Iwaya who had travelled to Singapore in I-29 and flown on to Japan when the submarine docked.
From inception the project became a joint Imperial Japanese Army Air Service (JAAF)/Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service (JNAF) venture. The JAAF wanted a new design to be drawn up. The JNAF on the other hand, felt the design should mimic the German Komet because it had already proven to be a stable aerodynamic body. It was the JNAF, who won and issued the 19-shi specification in July 1944 for the design of the rocket-powered defence fighter. The contract went to Mitsubishi Jukogyo KK who would produce both the JNAF version the J8M1 Shūsui and the JAAF version Ki-200.
The project was headed by Mijiro Takahashi. The JAAF, however decided to undertake their own design to meet the 19-shi specifications, working at their Rikugun Kokugijitsu Kenkyujo (JAAF Aerotechnical Institute) in secret.
At the 1st Naval Air Technical Arsenal in Yokosuka, in association with Mitsubishi and Yokosuka Arsenal, had begun on adapting the Walter HWK 509A engine to Japanese manufacturing capacity and technique. This was also where work was underway to produce a glider version of the J8M to provide handling data. While working on this glider, the MXY8 Akigusa (秋草, "Autumn Grass"), Mitsubishi completed a mock-up of the J8M1 in September 1944.
Both the JAAF and JNAF approved its design and construction and a prototype was built. In December of 1944, the MXY8 was completed and, on December 8 1944, at the Hyakurigahara Airfield Lieutenant-Commander Toyohiko Inuzuka took the controls of the MXY8. Once in the air, Inuzuka found the MXY8 almost perfectly emulated the handling characteristics of the Komet. Two additional MXY8 gliders were constructed in the naval yard at Yokosuka, one being delivered to the Rikugun Kokugijitsu Kenkyujo (JAAF Aerotechnical Institute) at Tachikawa for evaluation. The JNAF initiated the construction another prototype, production designation Ku-13. This was to use water ballast to simulate the weight of an operational J8M complete with engine and weapons. This variant was to be built by Maeda Aircraft Institute, while the JAAF version was to constructed Yokoi Koku KK (Yoki Aircraft Co). The JNAF also proposed a more advanced trainer, designated the MXY9 Shūka (秋火, "Autumn Fire") which would be powered by a 441 lbf (1,960 N) thrust Tsu-11 ducted fan engine. The war, however, ended before this model could be built.
Mitsubishi and partners Nissan and Fuji proceeded with development of the airframe and Yokosuka Arsenal were adapting the engine for Japanese production, designated the Ro.2. The Japanese had succeeded in producing prototypes that outwardly looked very much similar to the "Komet". The J8M1 had a wet weight that was 900 lb (410 kg) lighter, the aircraft having a plywood main spar and wooden vertical tail. The designers had also dispensed with the armoured glass in the cockpit and the aircraft carried less ammunition and slightly less fuel.
The Ki-200 and the J8M1 differed only in minor items, but the most obvious difference was the JAAF's Ki-200 was armed with two Ho-105 30 mm cannon (rate of fire was 450 round per minute, muzzle velocity of 2,350 ft (720 m) per second) while the J8M1 was armed with two Type 5 30 mm cannon (rate of fire was 400 round per minute, muzzle velocity of 2,460 ft (750 m) per second). The Ho-105 was also the lighter of the two and both offered a higher velocity than the MK 108 cannon of the Me 163 (whose muzzle velocity was 1,705 ft (520 m) per second).
The Toko Ro.2 (KR10) rocket motor did not offer the same thrust rating as the original, and Mitsubishi calculated that the lighter weight of the J8M1 would not offset the lower thrust rating. Performance would not be good as that of the "Komet", but was still substantial.
The engine still used the German propellants of T-Stoff oxidizer and C-Stoff fuel (hydrogen peroxide/methanol-hydrazine), known in Japan as Ko and Otsu respectively.
Production of training version by Yokosuka, Yokoi and Maeda: Ku-13, Ki-13, MXY-8, MXY-9 (60 built). Operational version by Mitsubishi: J8M1/Ki-200 (7 built).
[edit] Operational history
In 8 January 1945, one of the two J8M1 prototypes was towed aloft, water ballast in place of the fuel tankage and rocket engine to test its aerodynamics. The test flights confirmed the design. Training courses for JAAF and JNAF pilots was underway, training on the Ku-53 glider which shared a similar configuration to the J8M1. The 312th Naval Air Group was selected to operate the first J8M1. Mitsubishi, Fuji Hikoki, and Nissan Jidosha all had their tooling for mass production well into the advanced stages, ready to produce both the J8M1 and the variant J8M2, which differed from the J8M1 in sacrificing one of the Type 5 cannon for a small increase in fuel capacity. The first J8M1 prototype to be equipped with the Toko Ro.2 (KR10) was ready in June 1945. They were then transferred from the Nagoya plant to Yokoku for final checks before powered flight testing, after final glide tests with the engine installed.
The J8M took to the air for its first powered flight on 7 July 1945, with Lt.Cdr. Toyohiko Inuzuka at the controls; Inuzuka successfully jettisoned the dolly upon attaining the air and began to gain speed, climbing skywards at a 45 degrees. At an altitude of 1,300 feet (400 m), the engine stopped abruptly and the J8M1 stalled. Inuzuka managed to glide the aircraft back, but clipped a small building at the edge of the airfield while trying to land, causing the aircraft to burst into flames. Inuzuka survived the crash, but died the next day. Mitsubishi and naval technicians sought to find the cause of the accident, and all future flights were grounded. The engine cutout had occurred because the angle of climb, coupled with the fuel tanks being half-filled for this first flight, caused a shifting of the fuel, which in turn caused an auto cutout device to activate because of an air lock in the fuel feed line. Requests to continue flight testing were denied pending the modification of the fuel pumps in the aircraft. The sixth and seventh prototypes were to be fitted with the modified Ro.2 engine.
Full scale production readiness was almost at hand and in fact, component construction was already underway. Flight testing was to resume, despite another explosion of the fuel mixture during a ground test days after the crash, in late August of 1945 and the J8M2 design was finalized. But on 15 August 1945, the war ended for the Japanese and all work on the J8M ceased. The end of the war also spelled the end of the JAAF's Ki-202 Shūsui-Kai (Modified Shusui), whose design had begun in secret months before. The Ki-202 was to offer improved flight endurance over the Ki-200 and was slated to be the priority fighter for the JAAF in 1946, but no metal was cut on this fighter before Japan's surrender.
Germany tried to send another "Komet" on U-864 but this submarine was sunk near Bergen by British submarine HMS Venturer in February 1945.
[edit] Variants
- J8M1
- J8M2 Shūsui Model 21(?)
- Long-range version for Navy, identical to J8M1, but armament reduced to a single 30 mm cannon.
- J8M3 Shūsui Model 22 (Ki-202 Shūsui-kai)
- Long-range version for Army and Navy, with fuselage and wingspan lengthened to 7.10 m and 9.75 m respectively. Powered by 2,000 kgf (19.6 kN) Tokuro-3, projected maximum speed 900 km/h.
- Yokosuka MXY-8 "Akigusa" (Yokoi Ku-13)
- Training glider using J8M airframe for Navy and Army.
- Yokosuka MXY-9 "Shuka"
- Training version using J8M airframe, powered by Tsu-11 thermojet engine.
[edit] Operators
[edit] Survivors
In November 1945 two aircraft were taken from Yokosuka to the United States for evaluation aboard USS Barnes. FE-300/T2-300 (USA ident) (Japanese ident 403) is now exhibited in the Planes of Fame Museum. The other was at NAS Glenview in October 1946 (identity unknown), but was scrapped.
In the 1960s, a nearly complete (but badly damaged) fuselage was discovered in a cave in Japan. This was on display at a Japanese Air Force Base near Gifu until 1999 when it was restored and completed by Mitsubishi for display in the company's internal 'Komaki Plant Museum'. [1]
[edit] Specifications (J8M1/Ki-200)
General characteristics
- Crew: one, pilot
- Length: 6.05 m (19 ft 10 in)
- Wingspan: 9.50 m (31 ft 2 in)
- Height: 2.70 m (8 ft 10 in)
- Wing area: 17.73 m² (190 ft²)
- Empty weight: 1,505 kg (3,311 lb)
- Loaded weight: 3,885 kg (8,547 lb)
- Powerplant: 1× Mitsubishi KR10 (Toku Ro.2) Rocket, 14.7 kN (1,500 kgf / 3,300 lbf)
Performance
- Maximum speed: 900 km/h (560 mph)
- Cruise speed: 347 km/h
- Service ceiling 12,000 m (39,370 ft)
- Rate of climb: 2,858 m/min (9,374 ft/min)
- Endurance : 5 min 30 seconds
Armament
- J8M1 : 2 × 30 mm Ho-105 cannons
- Ki-200 : 2 × 30 mm Type 5 cannons
[edit] Notes
English-language sources invariably translate this aircraft's name as "sword stroke" or "swinging sword", which is not correct. The tradition of this translation apparently stems from work done by Robert C. Mikesh in the 1950s and repeated by many others over the decades. Even more literally, 秋水 means "autumn water", but is a widely-recognized poetic metaphor for a well-sharpened sword, possibly because the brightness of the sword blade and the wavy pattern in the metal recall that of a clear body of water.
[edit] See also
Related development
Related lists
[edit] References
[edit] Notes
[edit] Bibliography
- Butler, Phil. War prizes: An Illustrated Survey of German, Italian and Japanese Aircraft brought to Allied countries During and After the Second World War. Leicestershire, UK: Midland, 1994. ISBN 0-90459-786-5.
- Ethell, Jeffrey L. Komet: The Messerschmitt 163. London: Ian Allan, 1978. ISBN 0-71100-827-2. (This book shows U-852 or U-68 being used to carry the Me 163.)
- Francillon, Réne J. Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War. London: Putnam & Company Ltd., 1970 (2nd edition 1979). ISBN 0-370-30251-6.
- Green, William. War Planes of the Second World War: Fighters, Volume Three. London: Macdonald, 1961 (Seventh impression 1973). ISBN 0-356-01447-9.
- Yamashita, Takeo (ed). 秋水」と日本陸海軍ジェット、ロケット機. Tokyo: Model Art Co. Ltd., 1998.
[edit] External links
|
|||||
|
|||||
|
||||||||||||||
