Minority languages of Sweden
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In 1999 the Minority Language Committee of Sweden formally declared five minority languages of Sweden: Finnish, Sami language, Romani, Yiddish, and Meänkieli (Tornedal Finnish).
Sweden has no official language but Swedish is the national language and de facto official language of the country, dominating commercial and cultural life. The minority status is given to minor languages to protect cultural and historical heritage.
A status of minority language is closely related to the status of minority people. Being an official minority language leads to an inclusion of the minority people in school education. The population themselves have in recent studies expressed an appreciation about how their language now officially matters.
Contents |
[edit] Criteria for inclusion
These are the criteria established by the Minority Language Committee, influenced by the directives from the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in 1997.
To be accorded official minority status, a language must have been spoken in Sweden for a significant amount of time. A precise figure has not been revealed, but qualified estimations consider 100 years to be reasonable, based on the included and excluded languages. A significant immigration to Sweden did not start until after World War I, and many languages currently spoken by a large number of people in Sweden are excluded, among them Arabic and Persian.
It is also required that the language be spoken by a significant number of people and be centred in a specific geographical region (the latter, however, not applied for Romani and Yiddish).
Furthermore, it is a condition that the granting of official minority language status should be of cultural benefit to the group speaking it. It is allegedly for this reason that Swedish Sign Language was not included – even though it is a unique language with a history dating back to the 18th century, it was considered to have a sufficiently stable basis already in Swedish culture.
Common culture is yet another criterion for inclusion. A further reason for not granting minority language status to the sign language was that its users do not share a unique cultural heritage since hearing-impaired people come from all backgrounds.
Finally, languages that do not differ greatly from standard Swedish are considered dialects and are not included. Among these are Skånska (Scanian), spoken in the southernmost province Skåne (Scania), Älvdalsmål, spoken in Älvdalen, Dalarna province (Dalecarlia), Gutniska, spoken on the island of Gotland, and Jamtlandic (Jamska), a group of East Scandinavian varieties spoken in Jämtland, formerly a part of Norway.
[edit] Affected languages
[edit] Standard Finnish
Standard Finnish has been spoken in Sweden ever since the (then provincial) borders were drawn in the 13th century. Sweden has always had a significant migration to and from Finland. As the two languages belong to different language families it is easy to distinguish them, unlike the neighbouring languages Norwegian and Danish. The number of Finnish speakers in Sweden today amounts to over 460,000.
Finnish and Meänkieli can be used in the northernmost municipalities of Gällivare, Haparanda, Kiruna, Pajala and Övertorneå and its immediate neighbourhood.
On 11 December, 2007, Finnish Broadcasting Company YLE reported, confirmed by the city and trade union, that in Uppsala, Sweden, speaking Finnish is forbidden from city employees, and this is the case also with small talk during breaks. The Council of Europe has been asked to determine if the employer has a right to force employees to speak only Swedish. [1]
[edit] Meänkieli
Meänkieli or Tornionlaaksonsuomi or Tornedalian language is spoken by a population in northern Sweden. It is closely related to and mutually intelligible with Finnish and often considered a dialect thereof, with many loanwords from Swedish. Especially in Finland the distinction of Meänkieli as a separate language is seen as language politics not based in linguistics (see Kven language for a similar situation in Norway). Meänkieli is not intelligible to Swedes. The number of speakers amount to 50,000 or so.
[edit] Sami languages
The Sami languages are actually not one language, but – at the least – three languages. They are spoken in northern Sweden, and also in the northern parts of Norway, Russia and Finland, by the native population. The history of the Sami languages can be traced back at least 2,000 years. In total, they are spoken by 40,000 people.
As a minority language, a Sami language may be used in government agencies, courts, preschools and nursing homes in the municipalities where it is most common: Arjeplog, Gällivare, Jokkmokk and Kiruna and its immediate neighbourhood.
[edit] Romani
Romani chib, the language of Roma people (Gypsies), has been spoken in Sweden since the 16th century. Today about 9,500 people speak it in Sweden. It does not have a geographical center, but is considered to be of historical importance.
[edit] Yiddish
Yiddish was historically a common language of Ashkenazi (Central and Eastern European) Jews. The first Jews, initially mainly Sephardi (esp. Spanish and Portuguese) Jews, were allowed in Sweden in the late 18th century. Later on, Ashkenazi immigration became predominant, and certain evidence of Yiddish being spoken are about a century later. Of Sweden's 20,000 Jews, about 3,000 are estimated to know enough of the language to claim to be speakers of it. The organization Sällskapet för Jiddisch och Jiddischkultur i Sverige (Society for Yiddish and Yiddish Culture in Sweden) has over 200 members, many of whom are native Yiddish speakers, and arranges regular activities for the speech community and in external advocacy of the Yiddish language.
Romani and Yiddish have the position of "historical minority languages" throughout the country, and thus the Swedish state acknowledges a certain obligation to preserve them.[1]
[edit] See also
[edit] References and notes
- Sveriges officiella minoritetsspråk, Svenska språknämnden 2003. (In Swedish)
- National minorities and minority languages, Integrations- och jämställdhetsdepartementet, Informationsmaterial IJ 07.07e, July 13 2007
- ^ http://www.yle.fi/uutiset/24h/id77223.html (in Finnish)
