Portal:Military history of the Ottoman Empire
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 Ottoman Hungary or Muslim Hungary refers to the Turkish-Ottoman age of today's Hungary (1526 - 1699). By the sixteenth century, the power of the Ottoman Empire had increased gradually, as did the territory occupied by them in the Balkans, while the Kingdom of Hungary was weakened by the peasants' uprisings. Under the reign of Louis II Jagiellon (1516-1526), internal dissentions divided the nobility. After capturing Belgrade in 1521, Süleyman the Magnificent (1520–1566) did not hesitate to launch an attack against the weakened Kingdom, whose smaller (~26 000 vs. ~100 000 strong), badly lead army was defeated on 29 August, 1526 at the Battle of Mohács. Thus he became the master the Kingdom of Hungary, having a semi-vassal king, named János Szapolyai. Suleyman went further and tried to oust the Habsburg for the Hungarian game, and laid siege to Vienna in 1529, but failed to take that city after the onset of winter forced his retreat. The territory of the Kingdom was disputed between the Ottomans and the Habsburgs until 1541. Both of them had their own king for Hungary. After the seizure of Buda by the Turks in 1541, the West and North remained in the Habsburgs' hands ("Royal Hungary"), while the central and southern counties were occupied by the Sultan, with the territory becoming one of the 42 eyalets (provinces) of the Ottoman Empire, with the capital at Budin (Buda). Later, the eyalets of Eğri (اكر ) and Kanije were created. (Read More...)  Piri Reis (full name Hadji Muhiddin Piri Ibn Hadji Mehmed) (about 1465 – 1554 or 1555) was an Ottoman-Turkish admiral and cartographer born between 1465 and 1470 in Gallipoli on the Aegean coast of Turkey. He is primarily known today for his maps and charts collected in his Kitab-ı Bahriye (Book of Navigation), a book which contains detailed information on navigation as well as extremely accurate charts describing the important ports and cities of the Mediterranean Sea. He gained fame as a cartographer when a small part of his first world map (prepared in 1513) was discovered in 1929 at Topkapı Palace in Istanbul. The most surprising aspect was the presence of the Americas on an Ottoman map, making it the first Turkish map ever drawn of the Americas -- although not the first ever, which was drawn by pilot and cartographer Juan de la Cosa in 1500 and is conserved in the naval museum (Museo Naval) in Madrid. The most striking characteristic of the first world map (1513) of Piri Reis, however, is the level of accuracy in positioning the continents (particularly the relation between Africa and South America) which was unparalleled for its time. Even maps drawn decades later did not have such accurate positioning and proportions; a quality which can be observed in other maps of Piri Reis in his Kitab-ı Bahriye (Book of Navigation). The map of Piri Reis perfectly fits an azimuthal equidistant projection of the world centered in Cairo, and some believe it's also the oldest surviving map of Antarctica, despite being drawn more than 3 centuries before the official discovery of that continent. In 1528 Piri Reis drew a second world map, of which a small fragment showing Greenland and North America from Labrador and Newfoundland in the north to Florida, Cuba and parts of Central America in the south still survives. ..if all of us would now turn to salt, we couldn't even salt the Turk's lunch... —Kosančić Ivan, Serbian epic poetry - on the Battle of Kosovo
 These loyalty oaths illustrated what had become a total occupation of the region by Russian forces, the result of over 100 years of conflict, which also involved the forced expulsion of millions of indigenous Circassians to areas of the Ottoman Empire, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Kosovo,[2] with some historians citing that up to 4,000,000 civilians perished as a result of the exodus. References
Growth of the Ottoman Empire
From the Ottoman military history task force of the Military history WikiProject:
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