Milnrow

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Milnrow


Milnrow and the M62 motorway
Milnrow (Greater Manchester)
Milnrow

Milnrow shown within Greater Manchester
Population 12,541 (2001 Census)
OS grid reference SD926126
 - London 168 mi (270 km) SSE
Metropolitan borough Rochdale
Metropolitan county Greater Manchester
Region North West
Constituent country England
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Post town ROCHDALE
Postcode district OL16
Dialling code 01706
Police Greater Manchester
Fire Greater Manchester
Ambulance North West
European Parliament North West England
UK Parliament Oldham East and Saddleworth
List of places: UK • England • Greater Manchester

Coordinates: 53°36′36″N 2°06′40″W / 53.6101, -2.1111

Milnrow is a small town within the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale, in Greater Manchester, England.[1] It lies on the River Beal at the foothills of the Pennines, 1.9 miles (3.1 km) east of Rochdale, and 10.4 miles (16.7 km) north-northeast of the city of Manchester. Milnrow, which includes Newhey,[2] a village at Milnrow's southern boundary, is adjacent to Junction 21 of the M62 motorway, and has a population of 12,541.

Historically a part of Lancashire, the Norman conquest of England saw the birth of what is now known as Milnrow; the Normans obtained the lands which formed the ancient township of Butterworth from which Milnrow evolved as the principal settlement.[3][4] For centuries, Milnrow was a small centre of flannel and woollen cloth production in the domestic system, and many of the original weaver's cottages exist today as listed buildings. Following the Industrial Revolution, and a boom in nearby Oldham in the late-19th century, Milnrow became a mill town; its landscape dominated by distinctive and large rectangular brick-built woollen and cotton mills.

Milnrow has been described as "the centre of the south Lancashire dialect".[5] John Collier (who wrote under the pseudonym of Tim Bobbin) was an acclaimed 18th century caricaturist and satirical poet from Milnrow who wrote in a broad Lancashire dialect. Rochdale-born poet Edwin Waugh was influenced by Collier's work, and wrote an extensive account of Milnrow during the mid-19th century in a tribute to Collier.

Contents

[edit] History

There is evidence of Neolithic human activity in the area, with a stone axe found at Hollingworth,[6] followed by evidence of the subsequent Bronze and Iron Age peoples:[7] thousands of flint tools have been found on the moorland surrounding Milnrow, including a stone hammer found at Low Hill in 1879. Low Hill was the site of an ancient burial mound where a funerary urn was found. A small Roman statue of the goddess Victory was discovered at Tunshill Farm in 1793.[8] There is no physical manifestation of the Celts, Anglo-Saxons and Norsemen in the locality, but toponymic evidence implies they have been present.[9]

The Norman conquest of England (1066) saw the birth of what is now known as Milnrow; the Norman families of "de Butterworths", "de Turnaghs", "de Schofields", "de Birchinleghs", "de Wylds" and "Cleggs" controlled the lands which formed the township of Butterworth from which Milnrow evolved as its main settlement.[3] In addition to the chapelry of Milnrow, Butterworth encompassed the hamlets of Clegg, Wildhouse, Belfield, Butterworth Hall, Lowhouse, Newhey, Ogden, Tunshill, Haughs, and Bleaked-gate-cum-Roughbank.[10] Butterworth was linked, ecclesiastically, with the parish of Rochdale.

The origin of the name Milnrow has not been deciphered with any certainty. It has been suggested that the name is a corruption of the old pronunciation of "Millner Howe", a water driven corn mill mentioned in deeds of 1568 at a place called Mill Hill on the River Beal.[2][3][11] Others have suggested that the name "Milnrow" is derived from a local family with the surname Milne, who owned a row of houses in the locality. A map from 1292 shows "Milnehouses" at Milnrow's present location, other spellings have included "Mylnerowe" (1545), "Mill Hill" (1568) and "Milneraw" (1577).[11][3]

During the Middle Ages, the small, scattered community in and around Milnrow was primarily agrarian, with the growing and milling of corn being the main labour of the people.[2][12] Dry ironstone smelting was introduced in to Milnrow at a very early time as evidenced from ancient kilns found at Tunshill.[12] A chantry was constructed in the year 1400 by the Byrons—the then Lords of the Manor—and a chapel for the wider community in 1496;[13][14] A document dated 20 March 1496, during the reign of Henry VII, proclaims that open land by the River Beal would be the site of the new chapel.[14]

Legal documents dated 1624 state that Milnrow consisted of six cottages; there were a further nine at Butterworth Hall, and three at Ogden.[15] Milnrow did not expand until the introduction of a woollen weaving trade which began in the Late Middle Ages and continued until the 19th century.[16] During this time nearby Rochdale—the local market town—was used as a central marketing, finishing and fellmongering hub.[16] The handloom weaving of woollen cloth and flannels in the domestic system became the staple industry of Milnrow, facilitating the community's growth and prosperity. Between 40,000 and 50,000 sheep skins were needed every week to provide for Milnrow's industries,[17] and as early as the 16th century, the demand for wool was so great it had outstripped the local supply of the region and had to be imported from Ireland and the English Midlands.[16] As a consequence of the woollen trade, rows of "fine stone domestic workshops" or "weaver's cottages" were constructed beyond Milnrow's original core, with dwelling quarters on the lower floors and loom-shops on the top floor.[16][18]

Butterworth Hall Mill was Milnrow's last cotton mill.
Butterworth Hall Mill was Milnrow's last cotton mill.

With the onset of the Industrial Revolution, the River Beal was harnessed to power large weaving mills. In the late 19th century, following a boom in nearby Oldham, Milnrow's main industry changed from wool to cotton, which became the staple industry of the village.[19] Milnrow's landscape became dominated by distinctive rectangular brick-built mills.[20] Milnrow, the location of some of the earliest ring spinning companies, had many of the characteristics of a company town. The Heaps of Milnrow exercised significant deferential and political influence in the local area.[21] Following the Great Depression, the region's textile sector experienced a decline until its eventual demise in the mid-20th century. Milnrow's last cotton mill was Butterworth Hall Mill, demolished in the late 1990s.

[edit] Governance

Although not granted by the College of Arms, a fleece being weighed has been an emblem of Milnrow since its former council chairman used it as a badge. The emblem alludes to Milnrow's woollen trade heritage.
Although not granted by the College of Arms, a fleece being weighed has been an emblem of Milnrow since its former council chairman used it as a badge. The emblem alludes to Milnrow's woollen trade heritage.[22]

Lying within the historic county boundaries of Lancashire since the early 12th century, Milnrow was a chapelry and component area of Butterworth, an ancient township within the parish of Rochdale and hundred of Salford.[1] Butterworth constituted a civil parish encompassing several settlements to the east of Rochdale, until its dissolution in 1894.[1]

Under feudalism, Butterworth was anciently governed by a number of ruling families, including the Byrons, who obtained the title of Lords of the Manor.[14] Throughout the Late Middle Ages, local men acted as jurors and constables for the purposes of upholding law and order in Butterworth. Milnrow's first local authority was a Local board of health established in 1870;[1] Milnrow Local Board of Health was a regulatory body responsible for standards of hygiene and sanitation in the locality. In 1879, a part of Castleton and another part of Butterworth were included in the area of the Local board. Under the Local Government Act 1894, the area of the local board broadly became the Milnrow Urban District, a local government district in the Rochdale Poor Law Union and administrative county of Lancashire.[1] Under the Local Government Act 1972, the Milnrow Urban District was abolished, and Milnrow has, since 1 April 1974, formed an unparished area of the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale, within the Metropolitan county of Greater Manchester.[1]

Since 1997, Milnrow has been represented in the House of Commons as part of the parliamentary constituency of Oldham East and Saddleworth, by Phil Woolas MP, a member of the Labour Party.[23] Milnrow had previously formed part of the Littleborough and Saddleworth constituency.

[edit] Geography

Further information: Geography of Greater Manchester
Neighbouring cities, towns and places.
North-West:
Wardle		 North:
Littleborough		 North-East:
Blackstone Edge
West:
Rochdale		 Milnrow East:
Piethorne Valley
South-West:
Thornham		 South:
Shaw and Crompton		 South-East:
Newhey

At 53°36′36″N, 2°6′40″W (53.6101°, -2.1111°), and 168 miles (270 km) north-northwest of London, Milnrow stands roughly 500 feet (152 m) above sea level on the western slopes of the Pennines, 10.4 miles (16.7 km) north-northeast of Manchester City Centre, in the valley of the River Beal. Blackstone Edge and West Yorkshire are to the east; Rochdale and Shaw and Crompton are to the west and south respectively. Milnrow, considered as the area covered by the former Milnrow Urban District Council, extends over 8.1 square miles (21 km²).[24]

The River Beal, a tributary of the River Roch, runs centrally through Milnrow from the south through Newhey.[24] The soil is light gravel and clay, with subsoil of rough gravel,[25] and the local geology is carboniferous coal measures. Milnrow's highest point (1,310 feet/399 metres) is by its east-southeastern border with the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham at Denshaw and Bleakedgate Moor, above the rugged, upland Piethorne Valley. From this point the average hight of the land falls gradually towards the direction of Rochdale to the northwest, into a mixture of undulating farmland and suburbia.[26] Milnrow experiences a temperate maritime climate, like much of the British Isles, with relatively cool summers and mild winters. There is regular but generally light precipitation throughout the year.

In 1855, Edwin Waugh of Rochdale said:

Milnrow lies on the ground not unlike a tall tree laid lengthwise, in a valley, by a riverside. At the bridge, its roots spread themselves in clots and fibrous shoots, in all directions; while the almost branchless trunk runs up, with a little bend, above half a mile towards Oldham, where it again spreads itself out in an umbrageous way.[27]

—Edwin Waugh, Sketches of Lancashire life and localities (1855)

Surrounded by open moor and grassland on its northern and eastern sides, Milnrow forms a continuous urban area with neighbouring Rochdale to the west, and, according to the Office for National Statistics, is part of the Greater Manchester Urban Area, the United Kingdom's third largest conurbation.[28]

There are a number of small named-places in and around Milnrow, including Firgrove, Gallows, Haugh, Newhey, Kitcliffe, Ogden, Tunshill. Newhey, at the south of Milnrow by Shaw and Crompton, is the most distinct of these areas, and, with its own parish church and railway station, is invariably given as a separate village. The Gallows public house is said to occupy the land of an ancient execution site; Gallows, a former hamlet at northeastern Milnrow, is named in reference to a baronial gallows.[2][12][29] Kitcliffe, Ogden and Tunshill, to the east of central Milnrow, are hamlets that occupy the upper, mid and lower Piethorne Valley respectively.

[edit] Demography

Further information: Demography of Greater Manchester

According to the Office for National Statistics, at the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001, Milnrow (urban-core and sub-area) had a total resident population of 12,541.[30] The electoral ward of Milnrow (which has different boundaries) had a population of 11,561.[31]

Of the residents in the electoral ward of Milnrow, which includes Newhey and the Piethorne Valley, 40.8% were married, 10.3% were cohabiting couples, and 9.5% were lone parent families. Twenty-seven percent of households were made up of individuals and 13% had someone living alone at pensionable age.[32]

The ethnicity of the community was given as 98% white, 0.7% mixed race, 0.8% Asian, 0.2% black and 0.3% Chinese or other.[33] The place of birth of the town's residents was 97% United Kingdom (including 95.04% from England), 0.6% Republic of Ireland, 0.5% from other European Union countries, and 2.6% from elsewhere in the world.[34] Religion was recorded as 80% Christian, 0.8% Muslim, 0.1% Hindu, 0.1% Buddhist, and 0.1% Jewish. Some 12.2% were recorded as having no religion, 0.2% had an alternative religion, and 6.1% did not state their religion.[35]

The economic activity of residents aged 16–74 was 45% in full-time employment, 12% in part-time employment, 7.7% self-employed, 2.6% unemployed, 2.1% students with jobs, 3.1% students without jobs, 13% retired, 4.6% looking after home or family, 7.4% permanently sick or disabled, and 2.3% economically inactive for other reasons. This was roughly in line with the national figures.[36]

Year 1901 1911 1921 1931 1939 1951 1961 1971 2001
Population 8,241 8,584 8,390 8,623 8,265 8,587 8,129 10,345 12,541
Source:A Vision of Britain through Time

[edit] Economy

The forthcoming Kingsway Business Park is one of the largest developments of its kind, and is expected to employ over 7,000 people.
The forthcoming Kingsway Business Park is one of the largest developments of its kind, and is expected to employ over 7,000 people.

Prior to deindustrialisation in the late-20th century, Milnrow's economy was linked closely with a spinning and weaving tradition which had evolved from developments in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution. Modern sectors in Milnrow include engineering, packaging materials, dyeing and finishing, and ink production.[37] Milnrow's main street comprises a variety of shops, restaurants and food outlets.

Milnrow's biggest employers are Holroyd Machine Tools, whom been based in Milnrow for over 100 years and has a workforce of 160. Its parent company Renold PLC employs a further 200 people at a base in Milnrow.[38][39][40]

Global industrial and consumer packaging company Sonoco operate a warehouse in Milnrow.[41]

The Kingsway Business Park will be a 420 acres (1.7 km²) "business-focused, mixed use development" occupying land between Milnrow and Rochdale, adjacent to Milnrow's junction with the M62 motorway.[42] It is one of the largest developments of its kind, and is expected to employ 7,250 people directly and 1,750 people indirectly by around 2020.

[edit] Landmarks

St Thomas's at Newhey is "the most distinctive and splendid building in the district".
St Thomas's at Newhey is "the most distinctive and splendid building in the district".

The Grade II listed Church of St James, Milnrow's Anglican parish church, was built in 1869 and is dedicated to James the Apostle.[43] It is part of the Church of England and lies within the Diocese of Manchester.[44] The origins of the church can be traced to a chantry built by the Byrons in the year 1400. When that baronial family moved from Milnrow to another of their homes following the Wars of the Roses, the local population was left without a place of worship and a chapel was constructed by the River Beal to serve this community.[14] This structure existed until the 1790s, when a "poorly designed" chapel was erected and consecrated; owing to structural weaknesses, this was demolished in 1814.[14] Following an interim period when a "plain building" was used for worship, the present church building was built and consecrated by the Bishop of Manchester on 21 August 1869.[45]

Described as "by far the most distinctive and splendid building in the district",[45] the neo-Gothic Newhey, St Thomas parish church was built in 1876 and served a new Anglican parish of Newhey created in the same year.[46] Dedicated to Thomas the Apostle, it is part of the Church of England, and its patron is the Bishop of Manchester.[47] The church was extensively damaged in an arson attack on 21 December 2007.[48]

Milnrow War Memorial is a Grade II listed structure listing the men who fought and died in the two World Wars.
Milnrow War Memorial is a Grade II listed structure listing the men who fought and died in the two World Wars.

Milnrow War Memorial is located in Memorial Park at Newhey, and is a Grade II listed structure.[49] The war memorial was originally sited in central Milnrow, set back from the road near Milnrow Bridge, and was unveiled on 3 August 1924 by Major General A. Solly-Flood, a former commander of 42nd (East Lancashire) Division. The memorial is constructed of sandstone surmounted by a bronze statue of a World War I infantry soldier with rifle and fixed bayonet symbolic of the young manhood of the district in the early days of World War I. In selecting the design the Milnrow War Memorial Committee was influenced by the statue unveiled at Waterhead in Oldham; the work of George Thomas. Thomas sculpted Milnrow's memorial in 1923. The plinth holds bronze and slate panels recording the names of those who died in the two World Wars.[50][51]

Clegg Hall is a 17th century hall and Grade II* listed building situated in green space between Milnrow, Rochdale and Littleborough.[52][53] It was constructed in about 1610 for Theophilus Aston and may have been built on the site of a mediaeval house and inn.[52]

In Newhey is the Ellenroad Steam Museum, the retained engine house, boiler house, chimney and steam engine of Ellenroad Mill, a former 1892-built cotton mill designed by Sir Philip Stott, 1st Baronet. Now operated as a industrial heritage centre, the mill itself is no longer standing, but the steam engine (the world’s largest working steam mill engine)[54] is maintained and steamed once a month by the Ellenroad Trust.[55] The museum has the only fully-working cotton mill engine with its original steam-raising plant in the world.[56] Ellenroad Mill produced fine cotton yarn using mule spinning.[54]

Hollingworth Lake lies beyond Milnrow, by Littleborough and is part of a local country park. It was built in 1801 as a feeder reservoir for the Rochdale Canal, but it soon became a tourist destination for local people during their leisure time.[57] The lake covers an area of 130 acres (0.53 km²) and the path around it originally measured 2.5 miles (4.0 km).

[edit] Transport

Milnrow lies at Junction 21 of the M62 motorway.
Milnrow lies at Junction 21 of the M62 motorway.

Public transport in Milnrow is co-ordinated by the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive, and services include bus and rail transport. Major A roads link Milnrow with other settlements, including the A640 road, which forms a route from Rochdale and over the Pennines into Huddersfield and West Yorkshire.

Milnrow railway station is on the Oldham Loop Line which connects with Manchester, Oldham and Rochdale. The station was constructed in 1862 by navvies drafted by contractors under the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway. On 12 August 1863, the line was opened to commercial traffic and 2 November 1863, to passenger trains.[58] Milnrow station was originally staffed, and the line through it was dual-track; however, following the Beeching Axe of the 1960s, this section was reduced to single-track in 1980.[58] Milnrow station is expected to be converted for use with the forthcoming Manchester Metrolink installation, around 2009. There will be additional Metrolink stations at Kingsway and New Hey.[59]

Milnrow is situated at Junction 21 of the trans-Pennine M62 motorway. Construction of the Milnrow part of the M62 began in April 1967,[60] a process which spread mud and dirt throughout the town.[61] The official opening of the motorway on 13 October 1971 was by Queen Elizabeth II, who was welcomed by the Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire and Chairman of Milnrow Urban District Council and his wife.[61] Once opened, the Queen cast aside protocol for an informal meeting with the people of Milnrow.[61]

The Rochdale Canal—one of the major navigable broad canals of Great Britain—passes along Milnrow's north-western boundary which divides it from the village of Wardle and districts of Belfield and Castleton in Rochdale.[62] The Rochdale Canal was historically used as a highway of commerce for the haulage of cotton, wool, coal to and from the area.

Bus services operate to Rochdale, Newhey, Oldham, Manchester and Littleborough, mainly operated by First Manchester.[63]

[edit] Education

See also: List of schools in Rochdale

The Free School of Milnrow was founded in 1726. From 1739 until his death in 1786 the schoolmaster was the celebrated John Collier.[25] Newhey Council School was constructed in 1911.[64] Milnrow St James School evolved into the modern primary school, Milnrow Parish Church of England Primary.[65] It is a denominational school with the Church of England, linked with Milnrow's Anglican parish church, St James's. There is a further primary school at Newhey named Newhey Community Primary, which is non-denominational.[66] Hollingworth Business and Enterprise College (formerly Hollingworth High) is a secondary school in Milnrow.[67] It is a co-educational school of non-denominational religion,[68] and was given Business and Enterprise College status under the Specialist School Programme. Other learning facilities in Milnrow include a 1907-built Carnegie library.[26]

[edit] Sports

Milnrow C.C. are a cricket club based at Ladyhouse in Milnrow, and who have played in the Central Lancashire Cricket League since its foundation in 1892. Milnrow C.C. formed in 1857 from a group of local businessmen who felt the district deserved its own distinct team. Members of the club were recruited and teams were selected to play other clubs in the surrounding townships.[69]

The Soccer Village consists of four indoor pitches in an arena with grandstand spectator seating for 300.[70] It is used for casual, amateur and organised leagues and tournaments.

There has been a golf course at Tunshill since 1901.[71] It is affiliated with the English Golf Union.

New Milnrow and Newhey Rugby League Club are the local Rugby league team.

[edit] Public services

Several reservoirs lie in Milnrow's Piethorne Valley (pictured), between Newhey and Denshaw, including Rooden, Kitcliffe and Ogden.
Several reservoirs lie in Milnrow's Piethorne Valley (pictured), between Newhey and Denshaw, including Rooden, Kitcliffe and Ogden.

Home Office policing in Milnrow is provided by the Greater Manchester Police. The force's "(P) Division" have their headquarters for policing the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale in Rochdale and the nearest police station is at Littleborough to the north.[72] Statutory emergency fire and rescue service is provided by the Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service, which has one station in Rochdale on Maclure Road.[73]

There are no hospitals in Milnrow—the nearest are in the larger settlements of Oldham and Rochdale. The Rochdale Infirmary in north-central Rochdale and Birch Hill Hospital near the villages of Wardle and Littleborough, are NHS hospitals administrated by Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust. Birch Hill occupies the former Rochdale Union Workhouse at Dearnley.[74] The North West Ambulance Service provides emergency patient transport. Other forms of health care are provided for locally by several small clinics and surgeries.

Waste management is co-ordinated by the local authority via the Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority.[75] Milnrow's Distribution Network Operator for electricity is United Utilities;[76] there are no power stations in the area, but a Wind farm exists on Scout Moor which consists of 26 turbines on the high moors between Rawtenstall and Rochdale, generating 65MW of electricity.[77] United Utilities also manages Milnrow's drinking and waste water;[76] water supplies are sourced from several local reservoirs, including Kitcliffe, Piethorne and Rooden in Milnrow's outlying moorland between Newhey and Denshaw.[76]

[edit] Notable people

John Collier (who wrote under the pseudonym of Tim Bobbin) was an acclaimed 18th-century caricaturist and satirical poet who was raised and spent all his adult life in Milnrow. Born in Urmston in 1708, Collier was schoolmaster for Milnrow. Inspired by William Hogarth, Collier's work savagely lampooned the behaviour of upper and lower classes alike, and was written in a strong Lancashire dialect.[78] Many of his works and personal possessions are preserved in Milnrow's library.[79] John Milne was a professor, geologist and mining engineer who invented a pioneering seismograph (known as the Milne-Shaw seismograph) to detect and measure earthquakes. Although born in Liverpool in 1850 owing to a brief visit there by his parents, Milne was raised in Rochdale and at Tunshill in Milnrow.[80][81] Other notable people of Milnrow include Lizzy Bardsley, who, in 2003, gained fame from appearing on Channel 4's Wife Swap.[82][83]

[edit] References

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f Anon (2003-07-31). A select gazetteer of local government areas, Greater Manchester County. Greater Manchester County Records Office. Retrieved on 2007-06-20.
  2. ^ a b c d Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council (N.D.), p. 32.
  3. ^ a b c d Hignett (1991), p. 2.
  4. ^ Rochdale Towns. spinningtheweb.org.uk. Retrieved on 2008-04-20.
  5. ^ Joyce (1993), p. 198.
  6. ^ Monument no 45988. Pastscape.org.uk. Retrieved on 2008-04-25.
  7. ^ Poole, S. (1986), "A Late Mesolithic and Early Bronze Age Site at Piethorn Brook, Milnrow". Greater Manchester Archaeological Journal 2, 11-30.
  8. ^ Monument no 46071. Pastscape.org.uk. Retrieved on 2008-04-23.
  9. ^ March, Henry Colley (1880). East Lancashire Nomenclature and Rochdale Names. London: Simpkin & Co.. 
  10. ^ Descriptive Gazetteer entry for Butterworth. visionofbritain.org.uk. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
  11. ^ a b Ekwall (1972), p. 56.
  12. ^ a b c Hignett (1991), p. 3.
  13. ^ Rochdale Boroughwide Cultural Trust. Events in Milnrow 1400 - 1929!. link4link.org. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
  14. ^ a b c d e Hignett (1991), p. 32.
  15. ^ Fishwick (1889), p. 122.
  16. ^ a b c d McNeil, R. & Nevell, M. (2000), p. 35.
  17. ^ Hignett (1991), p. 10.
  18. ^ Frangopulo (1977), p. 29.
  19. ^ Hignett (1991), p. 11.
  20. ^ Sellers (1991), p. 47.
  21. ^ Procter, S. & Toms, S. (2000). Industrial Relations and Technical Change: Profits, Wages and Costs in the Lancashire Cotton Industry, 1880-1914 (PDF). eprints.whiterose.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2008-04-29.
  22. ^ Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council (N.D.), p. 19.
  23. ^ Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council. Local MPs and MEPs - information and advice. rochdale.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
  24. ^ a b Hignett (1991), p. 6.
  25. ^ a b Brownbill, J; William Farrer (1911). A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 5. Victoria County History, 213–222. ISBN 978-0712910552. 
  26. ^ a b Hignett (1991), p. 7.
  27. ^ Waugh, Edwin (1855). Sketches of Lancashire life and localities. James Galt, 61. 
  28. ^ Office for National Statistics (2001). Census 2001:Key Statistics for urban areas in the North; Map 3 (PDF). statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
  29. ^ Lewis (1848), pp. 729-733.
  30. ^ Greater Manchester urban area. Statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2008-04-25.
  31. ^ United Kingdom Census 2001 (2001). Milnrow (Ward). neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
  32. ^ United Kingdom Census 2001 (2001). Milnrow (Ward): Household Composition. neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2008-05-03.
  33. ^ United Kingdom Census 2001 (2001). Milnrow (Ward): Ethnic Group. neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2008-05-03.
  34. ^ United Kingdom Census 2001 (2001). Milnrow (Ward): Country of Birth. neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2008-05-03.
  35. ^ United Kingdom Census 2001 (2001). Milnrow (Ward): Lead Key Figures. neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2008-05-03.
  36. ^ United Kingdom Census 2001 (2001). Milnrow (Ward): Economic Activity. neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2008-05-03.
  37. ^ Rochdale Boroughwide Cultural Trust. Milnrow & Newhey.. link4life.org. Retrieved on 2008-06-10.
  38. ^ Foster, Stephen (2006-07-4). Buyers are all set to move in on company. rochdaleobserver.co.uk. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
  39. ^ Anon (2006-03-20). In gear for good news story still on the run. rochdaleobserver.co.uk. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
  40. ^ Renold Gears, Rochdale. renold.com (2004). Retrieved on 2003-04-29.
  41. ^ Sonoco Products. Sonoco Locations. sonoco.com. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
  42. ^ Wilson Bowden. Kingsway - A New Landscape for Business. kingswayuk.com.
  43. ^ Church of Saint James, Milnrow. imagesofengland.org.uk (2001). Retrieved on 2008-05-01.
  44. ^ Milnrow, Saint James. manchester.anglican.org. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
  45. ^ a b Hignett, (1991), p. 33.
  46. ^ A vision of Newhey EP. visionofbritain.org.uk. Retrieved on 2008-05-02.
  47. ^ Townships - Butterworth. british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2008-05-04.
  48. ^ McKeegan, A. & Beckett, J. (2007-12-24). Church hit by fire. rochdaleobserver.co.uk. Retrieved on 2008-06-10.
  49. ^ Milnrow War Memorial. imagesofengland.org.uk (2001). Retrieved on 2008-04-23.
  50. ^ Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council. Memorial - maintenance. rochdale.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2008-04-25.
  51. ^ Public Monuments and Sculpture Association (2003-06-16). Milnrow War Memorial. Retrieved on 2007-04-03.
  52. ^ a b Clegg Hall. Pastscape.org.uk. Retrieved on 2008-04-23.
  53. ^ Clegg Hall. Images of England. Retrieved on 2007-12-18.
  54. ^ a b Ellenroad Steam Museum. industrialpowerhouse.co.uk. Retrieved on 2008-05-01.
  55. ^ McNeil, R. & Nevell, M. (2000), p. 39.
  56. ^ Welcome to Ellenroad!. ellenroad.org.uk. Retrieved on 2008-05-01.
  57. ^ Hollingworth Lake. link4life.org. Retrieved on 2008-05-01.
  58. ^ a b Hignett (1991), p. 26.
  59. ^ Light Rail Transit Association (2007-11-24). Manchester to Oldham and Rochdale. lrta.org ork. Retrieved on 2008-05-01.
  60. ^ Unlocking the door to heart of the nation. rochdaleobserver.co.uk (2006-06-17). Retrieved on 2008-04-25.
  61. ^ a b c Hignett (1991), p. 35.
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[edit] Bibliography

  • Ekwall, Eilert [1922] (1972). The place-names of Lancashire. E.P. Publishing. ISBN 0854098232. 
  • Fishwick, Henry (1889). The History of the Parish of Rochdale in the County of Lancaster. James Clegg. 
  • Frangopulo, N. J. (1977). Tradition in Action: The Historical Evolution of the Greater Manchester County. Wakefield: EP Publishing. ISBN 0-7158-1203-3. 
  • Hignett, Tim (1991). Milnrow & Newhey: A Lancashire Legacy. Littleborough: George Kelsall Publishing. ISBN 0-946571-19-8. 
  • Joyce, Patrick (1993). Visions of the People: Industrial England and the Question of Class, c.1848-1914. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521447973. 
  • Lewis, Samuel (1848). A Topographical Dictionary of England; 'Milford - Milthorpe'. Institute of Historical Research. ISBN 978-0806315089. 
  • McNeil, R. & Nevell, M (2000). A Guide to the Industrial Archaeology of Greater Manchester. Association for Industrial Archaeology. ISBN 0-9528930-3-7. 
  • Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council (N.D.). Metropolitan Rochdale Official Guide. London: Ed. J. Burrow & Co. Limited. 
  • Sellers, Gladys (1991). Walking the South Pennines. Cicerone Press. ISBN 978-1852840419. 

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