Military history of Iraq
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The military history of Iraq, due to a rich archaeological record, is one of the longest in written human history. The region of Iraq, which used to be Mesopotamia, has been referred to as the "cradle of civilization", and wars of conquest have been recorded in this region as far back as the third millennium BC. The area possesses strategic value, initially for the rich, fertile agricultural region in the Mesopotamian plain, and more recently for large petroleum deposits and access to the oil-rich Persian Gulf. The present territory of Iraq lacks significant strategic barriers, making it difficult to defend against foreign invasion. The border between Iraq and Iran, or in ancient times between Babylonia and Persia, has been regarded as the most fought over frontier in the world.
[edit] Ancient times
- Further information: Military history of the Assyrian Empire
- In 2525 BC, there was a battle between King Eannatum of Lagash, and Umma. The battle is recorded on the stone monument called The Stele of the Vultures. The king won the battle by using armored soldiers who were in phalanx formation, and also used chariots pulled by onagers.
- About 2300 BC, Sargon of Akkad attacked and conquered 34 Sumerian cities, beginning the Akkadian Empire.
- The Sumerians living in Iraq had to battle the Elamites from western Iran.
- Kassites attacked Babylonia in the sixteenth century BC
- About 1263 BC, the Assyrian king Shalmaneser I defeated a rebellion led by Shattuara II of Hanigalbat.
- Nebuchadnezzar (1119-1098 BC) attacked Assyria.
- The Chaldeans took over Babylonia in the 9th century BC, forming the Neo-Babylonian Empire, and had to fight many revolts and aggressors.
- Nebuchadrezzar II (605-562 BC) conquered Jerusalem taking 15,000 Jewish captives, who were put into exile for 70 years. (See Babylonian captivity.)
- Cyrus the Great, founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, defeated the Neo-Babylonian Empire and conquered the region in 539-538 BC
- In 331 BC, Alexander the Great defeated Darius III of Persia at the Battle of Gaugamela, east of present day Mosul. Alexander died in Babylon in 323 BC.
- In later centuries, starting from 190 BC, the Persians ruled Iraq for hundreds of years under different dynasties including the Parthian and Sassanid dynasties, after the first conquest in the 6th century BC.
- In 53 BC, the Roman governor of Syria, Marcus Licinius Crassus crossed the Euphrates River with 44,000 men in seven legions. Despite the advice of Artavasdes II of Armenia who wanted him to stick to mountainous passes or help defend Armenia, Crassus marched into Mesopotamia. The Parthians, outnumbered four-to-one, defeated him at the Battle of Carrhae with 10,000 mounted archers, and Crassus was killed along with most of the Roman force. The remnants of the Roman force was saved by Gaius Cassius Longinus.
- In 627 AD, the Byzantines sacked Ctesiphon, which was invaded again in 637, this time by Muslim Arabs. The battle between 18,000 Arab tribesmen led by General Khalid ibn al-Walid (The Sword of Allah) and the Persians led by Rostam Farrokhzād, was fought at the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah, south of Baghdad. The Arabs were outnumbered by six times as large a force, yet defeated the Persians who were tired from having fought the Byzantines in the Roman-Persian Wars, and Rustam was killed.
[edit] Middle Ages (634 - 16th century)
- Muslim Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid and Sa`d ibn Abī Waqqās conquered the area from the Sassanid Persian Empire during the Islamic conquest of Persia in the 8th century, despite the occupying Persian forces being numerically and technologically superior.
There were several revolts in this time:
- 680 Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad killed at Karbala, in the Battle of Karbala on October 10. The Muslim holy day of Aashurah commemorates his martyrdom.
- 701 a revolt crushed by Syrian armies
- 747 revolt by Abbas, leading to Abbasid caliph proclaimed in 750. Baghdad was founded in 762.
- Baghdad was the centre of the Abbasid Caliphate from the eighth century, an empire which ruled much of the Arab world.
- Baghdad was sacked in 809 after a civil war
- By 865 the new northern capital of Samarra and Baghdad were at war
- In 945 the Buyid people from the Caspian Sea took over Baghdad, with the Abbasid caliphs becoming puppet rulers.
- Mosul was captured in 977.
- In 1055 the Seljuk leader Togrul Beg overran the central area of Iraq.
- The Abbasids regained control in 1135.
- Baghdad repelled an attack by the Mongols in 1245
Baghdad was sacked on February 10, 1258 by Hulagu Khan in the Battle of Baghdad (1258), with between 250,000 and 800,000 people killed during the Mongol invasion. It had been under siege for several weeks.
- Baghdad was sacked in 1401 by Tamerlane
- From 1405 Turkish tribes from Anatolia took over Iraq and there was much infighting between themselves, and against local groups. The Black Sheep Turkmen at first ruled Iraq until 1466 when the White Sheep Turkmen took control.
- 1508 or 1509 Iraq conquered by the Safavid dynasty of Iran
- 1533-1534 Iraq was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
[edit] Ottoman rule (16th century - World War I)
- Baghdad was put under Persian rule between 1623 and 1638, when Murad IV restored Ottoman rule and massacred many local Shiites.
- In 1776, Basra was occupied by the Persians. They held it until 1779 when Karim Khan Zand's death precipitated a period of internal disorder and resulted in withdrawal from Basra.
[edit] British Mandate of Mesopotamia (1918-1932)
- The British invaded Iraq during World War I in the Mesopotamian Campaign. They invaded southern Mesopotamia in November 1914. The Battle of Ctesiphon was fought in November 1915. The undermanned and overstretched British forces were defeated by the Turks, who besieged the British in the city of Kut-al-Amara for 143 days in the Siege of Kut, ending with a British surrender, with 10,000 men becoming prisoners in April 1916. The British took the middle eastern campaign more seriously following this defeat, transferring command from India to the main British command, and General Frederick Stanley Maude was put in charge of British forces, leading the British to a series of victories. The battles of Mohammed Abdul Hassan, Hai and Dahra were won by the British in January 1917. In February they recaptured Kut. On March 11, 1917 the British occupied Baghdad after the Fall of Baghdad (1917).
- Between 1920 and 1922 the British put down an Iraqi revolt costing them 40 million pounds to do so.
- In January 1921 the Royal Air Force's Mesopotamian Group was formed by raising Mesopotamian Wing to group status
- On 1 October 1922 Mesopotamian Group was absorbed into the newly formed RAF Iraq Command which was given control of all British forces in Iraq.[1]
- Faisal I, leader of Iraq from 1921-33, helped to make his country fully independent in 1932.
[edit] Post-colonial monarchy (1932-1958)
- See also Anglo-Iraqi War (1941)
On April 30, 1941 four generals overthrew the Iraqi government in the Iraq coup (1941) The British were concerned that Axis powers might get involved in Iraq, as the new government was pro-Axis. The British landed troops at Basra, while Iraqi nationalists retreated to Falluja. The German Luftwaffe flew sorties under Iraqi colours from Mosul against Commonwealth forces, though with little results. A brief war was fought between British and Iraqi troops in May 1941, leading in a British victory. Iraq declared war on the Axis on January 17, 1943.
Iraqi army participated in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War against Israel.
[edit] Early republic (1958-1963)
The US began military aid to Iraq in 1954, and Iraq joined the pro western Baghdad Pact in 1955. Iraqi troops along with the Syrians occupied parts of Jordan during the 1956 Suez War.
A garrison in Mosul rebelled against Qassem, and Kurdish leader Barzani returned from exile in the Soviet Union to suppress them. Iraq claimed sovereignty over Kuwait after it gained independence from Britain in 1961, but it backed down after the British sent troops to Kuwait.
Iraq sent troops and planes to Jordan during the 1967 Arab-Israeli war (the Six-Day War).
[edit] Pre-Saddam Ba'ath Party (1963-1979)
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Iraqi divisions fought in the 1973 October War against Israel.
[edit] Saddam Hussein (1979-2003)
Saddam Hussein came to power as President of Iraq in 1979.
[edit] Iran-Iraq War
Iraq invaded Iran on the 22nd of September, 1980, in the Iran-Iraq War and with some initial successes, eventually the war dragged on into a long stalemate, with between 1 and 2 million casualties. The war ended with a ceasefire on August 20, 1988.
On June 7, 1981 Israeli F-15s and F-16s bombed and destroyed the Osirak nuclear reactor, 18 miles (29 km) south of Baghdad following the orders of Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin.
On May 17, 1987 an Iraqi Mirage fighter fired two Exocet missiles at the American ship USS Stark (FFG-31), killing thirty-seven of the crew.
[edit] Gulf War
On August 2, 1990 Iraq invaded and annexed Kuwait. The United States led an international coalition which heavily bombed Iraq and freed Kuwait in 1991. After this war, sanctions were imposed on Iraq as well as a north and south no fly zones, and during the 1990s, Iraq was frequently bombed by American and British aircraft in small sorties.
In January 1993 the US launched a cruise missile attack against Iraq, because of it not dismantling police posts near the border with Kuwait. In June 1993 another US cruise missile attack was launched because of a suspected assassination plot against former US president George H. W. Bush. In 1996, Iraqi troops moved into northern Iraq to support the Kurdish Democratic Party against the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan. The US responded with limited air attacks in the south. There were Iraqi attacks against allied aircraft in the no fly zones in January 2001, with American and British responding with bombing of targets in northern Iraq in February.
[edit] Invasion of Iraq
The United States led a "coalition of the willing" which invaded Iraq on March 20, 2003 in a war that took three weeks to get control of the country, yet the fighting lasted much longer. Baghdad was captured on April 9. Saddam Hussein was deposed, but remained in hiding until December 14, 2003.
[edit] Interim government (2003-)
Iraq is currently rebuilding its military with the aid of countries from the Coalition of the Willing (see Military of Iraq). The effort to create a new national military is being complicated by focused insurgent attacks on recruitment centers and claims of insurgents' infiltration of the new forces. Saddam Hussein was executed on December 30th 2006 after a court appointed by the interim government found him guilty of ordering the deaths of the inhabitants of an Iraqi village almost 10 years earlier.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
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