Military computers
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[edit] Requirements of military computers
This article specifically addresses US Armed Forces Military Computers and their use. Military computing requirements vary depending on the branch of the service, and whether the computer is to be used for control room, or "safe" areas, or is to be used in the field. Computers used on land have different requirements from those used in marine applications. In all rugged-use fields, certifying agencies will grant designations to computers that meet certain testing requirements. Testing requirements and certification designations are different in the military as opposed to most industrial fields.
[edit] MIL Standards and Specifications
The Armed Forces have many numerical designations for computers or other equipment, to guide the military buyer's choice of appropriate technology for their application. For instance, Mil-S-901D[1] would indicate that the computer passed shock and vibration requirements of specific tests for Navy installation. Some of these tests are specific to application usage, such as barge explosion testing, which simulates a torpedo hit and subsequent high peak shock to a ship on which the computer is installed.
901D is divided into Grade A for "Items which are essential to the safety and continued combat capability of the ship" and Grade B for "items whos operation is not essential to the safety and combat capability of the ship but which could become a hazard to personnel, to Grade A items, of the the ship as a whole as a result of exposure to shock".
In this way, a computer may have a rating of MIL-Std-901D Grade A, which would tell a buyer which shock tests the computer survived, what level of shock resistance the unit has, and that this piece of equipment will continue to normally operate in the event of a specific shock level.
Other MIL Standards and MIL Specs (Specifications) include testing for resistance to EMI/RFI bursts, environmental contaminants such as dust and gas, or temperature extremes. More on MIL Standards and Specifications at Defense Standard.
The "gold standard" of testing for compliance with 901D is the Barge Test. A Barge Test is performed four times, each time placing 60 lbs HBX-1 explosive 24 feet under water, starting at 40 feet away, then at 30, 25 and finally 20 feet. In addition, the tests are performed in a fore-and-aft orientation to simulate an explosion at the bow or stern of the ship and athwartship to simulate an explosion by the side of the ship. A video of a barge testcan be viewed.
Typically a military computer is much more robust than an industrial computer enclosure. There will be more structure inside to support the components, the plug-in cards will be individually supported and secured to assure the do not pop out of their sockets, the processor and heat sink will be secured, memory will be glued into their sockets, and so forth. This is to assure nothing moves during the shock events.
[edit] Field risks
The progress of small-scale computer technology in military applications was initially slow due to concerns about security and the ability to survive rugged environments and enemy weaponry. PC-based technology in the 20th century was not robust enough to withstand combat conditions and severe environments.
Hazards in the field include water and corrosives, sand and wind, extreme temperatures, high shock and vibration, power interruptions, susceptibility to EMI/RFI radiation, etc. Also, operator interface was complex, and most operating systems were not fast in operation, or easy to learn and use in pressure situations.
In the last decade, improvements in design and operator interface have resulted in new mandates for the use of small computer technology in the military. Some of the improvements have migrated over from home and business computing. Others have migrated over from industrial computing, where designs for environments such as Zone 1 hazardous areas in oil & gas exploration have been modified for army and navy environments.
- Sealed enclosures using materials such as cast aluminum with magnesium have improved environmental resistance to contaminants and hazards, including EMI-burst weaponry.
- Low-heat CPU designs have made sealed enclosures possible even for environments like the desert or naval bridge wing display under the open sun.
- Advances like flash memory have eliminated moving parts and reduced mechanical failures.
- Simpler, effective OS software has improved the operator interface and speed of execution, while reducing OS failures.
[edit] Applications and Computer Type
There are many types of small computers used in the military. Recently there has been an increase in the implementation of thin client technology in many applications that don't require full computing capability. Thin client technology reduces costs and eliminates some of the risks of placing more complex computers in rugged situations.
Embedded computers are being integrated into more applications. These computers are generally fixed-function computers that are robust and bring additional capabilities to machines or complex equipment.
Notebooks and laptops have become more rugged since the turn of the century, and more portable computers are being placed into warfighter's hands than ever before. A number of manufacturers are specializing in creating ultra-rugged notebooks for the military. Now, some of these advances created for the military are finding their way backward into the home and business markets.
Wireless communications technology has also improved in recent years. High-speed data transferral over secure, encrypted frequencies is consider a new standard for standard-security-level communications. The new wireless radio networking devices can establish a link between systems that could otherwise not physically communicate or be involved in command and control. Some thin clients and portable computers employ these recent advances.
[edit] Future computer use in the military
In the last 204 years, wide acceptance of small-scale computer technology in the military has occurred, and is likely to increase greatly. Confidence has improved in the ability of equipment to withstand combat and extreme environment conditions. Most importantly, modern combat has become a duel of speed. We continually see that faster and more technologically advanced weaponry demonstrates first-strike capability in current combat situations, which is likely only to encourage further implementation of computer technology into systems used in the US Armed Forces in the future.
