Mikhail Frunze
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Mikhail Vasilyevich Frunze (Russian: Михаил Васильевич Фрунзе, Romanian: Mihail Frunză; also known as Арсений Трифоныч–Arseniy Trifonych; February 2 [O.S. January 21] 1885–October 31, 1925) was a Bolshevik leader during and just prior to the Russian Revolution of 1917.
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[edit] Biography
Frunze was born in Bishkek, then a small Imperial Russian garrison town in the Kyrgyz part of Turkestan, to a Moldovan peasant (originally from Bessarabia) and his Russian wife. He began his studies at Verniy, and in 1904 he attended the Saint Petersburg Polytechnical University.
At the Second Congress of the Social Democratic Party Labour Party in London (1903), during the ideological split between Vladimir Lenin and Julius Martov, the two main party leaders, over party tactics (Martov argued for a large party of activists, whilst Lenin wanted a small group of professional revolutionaries with a large fringe group of sympathisers), Frunze sided with the dissident minority of the Bolsheviks (opposed to Martov's Mensheviks).
Two years after the Second Congress, Frunze was an important leader in the 1905 Revolution, at the head of striking textile workers in Shuya and Ivanovo. Following the disastrous end of the movement, Frunze was arrested and sentenced to death, but he was later reprieved and his sentence was commuted to life at hard labour. After ten years in Siberian prisons, Frunze escaped to Chita, where he became editor of the Bolshevik weekly newspaper called Vostochnoe Obozrenie.
During the February Revolution, Frunze was head of the Minsk civilian militia before being elected president of the Byelorussian Soviet. He later went to Moscow, and led an armed force of workers to aid in the struggle for control of the city.
After the October takeover, in 1918, Frunze became Military Commissar for the Voznesensk Province. During the early days of the Russian Civil War, he was appointed as head of the Southern Army Group. After defeating Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak and the White Army in Omsk, Leon Trotsky (the head of the Red Army) gave total command of the Eastern Front to him. Frunze went on to rid his native Turkestan of Basmachi insurgents and White troops. He captured Khiva in February and Bukhara in September.
In November 1920, Frunze retook the Crimea and managed to push White general Pyotr Wrangel and his troops out of Russia. He was also instrumental in the destruction of Nestor Makhno's anarchist movement in Ukraine after Makhno refused to merge with the Red Army.
In 1921, he was elected to the Central Committee of the Russian Bolshevik Party, and, in January, 1925, became the Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council. A strong supporter of Grigory Zinoviev, Frunze came into conflict with Joseph Stalin, one of Zinoviev's chief opponents.
He died of a chloroform poisoning during a stomach operation on 31 October 1925; it is believed that Stalin arranged his death. [1]
Boris Pilnyak's story "The Tale of the Unextinguished Moon" was based on Frunze's death. He was buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis.
[edit] Legacy
In 1926, the city of Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, was renamed Frunze in his honour. It reverted back to its former name in 1991; nevertheless, Frunze himself is still commemorated in the city: a street and a museum in the centre of the city are named after him.
The Frunze Military Academy, one of the most respected in the former Soviet Union, was also named in his honour. Also, the honorific title of the Soviet 2nd Rifle Division was at some point the 2nd Belarusian Red Banner Rifle Division in the name of M.V. Frunze.
A Moscow Metro station was named Frunzenskaya in his honour, and a stone carving of his likeness stands in one end of the station. Shuya is home to a memorial museum dedicated to Frunze. Streets in many Russian cities are named after him.
[edit] Quotes
- "All that we do, every action, should correspond to the highest ideals of the Revolution."
- "The Red Army was created by the workers and peasants and is lead by the will of the working class. That will is being carried out by the united Communist Party."
[edit] References
- ^ V. Topolyansky. Blow from the past. (Russian: В. Торолянский. Сквозняк из прошлого.) Novaya Gazeta/InaPress. Moscow. 2006. ISBN 5-87135-183-2. Frunze was administrated a chloroform dose that many times exceeded the doze normally applied for narcosis. All four doctors who operated him (Martynov, Grekov, Rozanov and Get'e) died one by one in 1934.
[edit] Further reading
- Gareev, M.A. (1987). M.V. Frunze, Military Theorist. Washington, D.C.: Pergamon-Brassey's. ISBN 0080351832.
- Jacobs, Walter Darnell (1969). Frunze: The Soviet Clausewitz, 1885–1925. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
