Middle Indo-Aryan languages
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The Middle Indo-Aryan (Middle Indic) languages are the early medieval dialects of the Indo-Aryan languages, the descendants of the Old Indo-Aryan dialects such as Sanskrit, and the predecessors of the late medieval languages such as Apabhramsha or Abahatta, which eventually evolved into the contemporary Indo-Aryan languages, including Hindustani, Oriya, Bengali, and Punjabi. The term Prakrit is also often applied to these languages (prakrita literally means "natural" as opposed to sanskrita, which literally means "constructed" or "refined"). Modern scholars such as Shapiro follow this classification by including all Middle Indo-Aryan languages under the rubric of "Prakrits", while others emphasise the independent development of these languages, often separated from the Sanskrit by social and geographic differences.[1].
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[edit] History
The Indo-Aryan languages are commonly assigned to three major groups - Old, Middle and New Indo-Aryan -, a linguistic and not strictly chronological classification as the MIA languages ar not younger than ("Classical") Sanskrit. And a number of their morphophonological and lexical features betray the fact that they are not direct continuations of Ṛgvedic Sanskrit, the main base of "Classical" Sanskrit; rather they descend from dialects which, despite many similarities, were different from Ṛgvedic and in some regards even more archaic.
The most archaic of the MIA languages are the inscriptional Aśokan Prakrit on the one hand and Pāli and Ardhamāgadhī on the other, both literary languages. Two other stages of MIA may be distinguished, that of the Prakrits proper (excluding Ardhamāgadhī) and that of the Apabhraṃśa languages[2].
The Middle Indo-Aryan stage is thought to have spanned more than a millennium between 600 BC - 1000 AD, and is often divided into three or four major subdivisions. The early stage is represented by the inscriptions of Asoka (c. 250 BC) and by Pali. The middle stage is represented by the various literary Prakrits, such as Maharashtri or Magadhi. The late stage is represented by the Apabhramsha dialects of the sixth century AD and later that preceded early Modern Indo-Aryan languages [3] (e.g. Brij Bhasha).
[edit] Phonology and morphology
MIA languages, though individually distinct, share features of phonology and morphology which characterize them as parallel descendants of Old Indo-Aryan. Various sound changes are typical of the MIA phonology:
(1) The vocalic liquids 'ṛ' and 'ḷ' are replaced by 'a', 'i' or 'u';
(2) the diptongs 'ai' and 'au' are monophthongized to 'e' and 'o';
(3) long vowels before two or more consonants are shortened;
(4) the three sibilants of OIA are reduced to one, either 'ś' or 's';
(5) the often complex consonant clusters of OIA are reduced to more readily pronounceable forms, either by assimilation or by splitting;
(6) single intervocalic stops are progressively weakened;
(7) dentals are palatalized by a following '-y-';
(8) all final consonants except '-ṃ' are dropped unless they are retained in 'sandhi' junctions.
The most conspicious features of the morphological system of these languages are: loss of the dual; thematicization of consonantal stems; merger of the f. 'i-/u-' and 'ī-/ū-' in one 'ī-/ū-' inflexion, elimination of the dative, whose functions are taken over by the genitive, simultaneous use of different case-endings in one paradigm; employment of 'mahyaṃ' and 'tubhyaṃ' as genitives and 'me' and 'te' as instrumentals; gradual disappearance of the middle voice; coexistence of historical and new verbal forms based on the present stem; and use of active endings for the passive. In the vocabulary, the MIA languages are mostly dependent on Old Indo-Aryan, with addition of a few so-called 'deśī' words of (often) uncertain origin [4].
[edit] Innovation
A Middle Indo-Aryan innovation are the serial verb constructions that have evolved into complex predicates in modern north Indian languages such as Hindi. For example भाग जा (bhāg jā) 'go run' means run away, पका ले (pakā le) 'take cook' means to cook for oneself, and पका दे (pakā de) 'give cook' means to cook for someone. The second verb restricts the meaning of the main verb or adds a shade of meaning to it.[5] Subsequently the second verb was grammaticalised further into what is known as a light verb, mainly used to convey lexical aspect distinctions for the main verb.
[edit] Apabhramsa
Apabhramsa was a language developed after the prakrit languages.[6] [7]Modern Provincial languages developed from different Apabhramsas. Patanjali was the first to use Apabhramsa in his Mahabhasya (200 B.C.). Apabhramsa means a corrupted form of Sanskrit language. Sanskrit language developed in Pali and Prakrit languages. Prakrit language later developed in Apabhramsa language.[8]. Its other name is Avahatta. This word is developed from Sanskrit word Apabhrasta.[9] Mostly Jain religious language and spiritual literature if Siddhas was composed in Apabhramsa language.
The Romani people migrated from Rajasthan, Punjab, Sindh and Afganistan in first century A.D. They were speaking Apabhramsa language pertaining to western part of India. They spread in western countries about 12 century A.D.[10]
[edit] Poets of Apabhramsa
Literary work on Apabhramsa appeared in eighth century A.D. Poets of Apabhramsa are as follows
1. Svayambhu - his poem is Pauma Cariu 2.
[edit] References
- ^ Shapiro, Michael C. Hindi. Facts about the world's languages: An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present. Ed. Jane Garry, and Carl Rubino: New England Publishing Associates, 2001.
- ^ Oberlies, Thomas, Aśokan Prakrit and Pali. The Indo-Aryan Languages Ed. George Cardona, Dhanesh Jain: Routledge Language Family Series, 2003.
- ^ Shapiro, Hindi.
- ^ Oberlies, Thomas, Aśokan Prakrit and Pali. The Indo-Aryan Languages Ed. George Cardona, Dhanesh Jain: Routledge Language Family Series, 2003.
- ^ Shapiro, Hindi.
- ^ Devendra Kumar Jain, Apabhramsa Bhasa aur Sahitya, Bhartiya Jnanapitha Prakashan, 1966, Calcutta, India.
- ^ P.D.Gune, An Introduction to Comparative Philology, Poona Oriental BookHouse, 1959, Poona, India.
- ^ BPT Vagish Shastri, Bundelkhand Ki Prachinta, Vidvad Gosthi, 1965, Varanasi, India.
- ^ R.A.Pandey and R.N. Mishra, Pali Prakrat-Apabhramsa Sangraha, Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan, 1968, Varanasi, India
- ^ Vagish Shastri, Gypsy language and grammar, Vol XXI, Yogic Voice Consciousness Institute, 2004, Varanasi, India
