User:MichaelNetzer/Growing Earth Theory

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The spreading apart of continental masses as Earth size increases by the creation of new ocean floor material.

Growing Earth Hypothesis is a derivative of Expanding Earth theory. It is primarily credited to comics artist Neal Adams,^[1] it is also explored and supported by a small number of geologists and independent researchers including Vedat Shehu,^[2] James Maxlow,^[3][4] and Stavros Tassos.^[5] The hypothesis explores evidence for continental matching on both of the Pacific and Atlantic sides of the globe, geological implications of a changing surface curvature--and a smaller, lower-gravity Earth's contribution to the size of dinosaurs. Growing Earth Hypothesis also attempts to put forth, through existing scientific evidence, a mechanism by which new mass is created within the core of the Earth, to facilitate the Expanding Earth model of the late Australian geologist S. Warren Carey. ^[6]

However, the Growing Earth Hypothesis is considered pseudoscience and the theories haven't been published in reputable scientific journals. For a discussion of theories, which actually appeared (for some time) in relevant geological journals, see the article on Expanding Earth theory.

[edit] Preliminary evidence for all-around continental matching

Neal Adams followed the developments of expanding earth hypothesis and plate tectonics since the 1960s and independently researched and studied the various sciences relating to them and to the developing cosmology model.^[7]

By utilizing digital 3-D imaging technology for video animations^[8], Adams cites that the changing curvature of the Earth, due to its increase in size, indicates a near-perfect match of all its continental shapes, when they converge on a smaller globe. His videos imply that an Earth, approximately half the size that it is today, would be completely covered by the continents which converge together like a jigsaw puzzle^[9], by completely closing both the Atlantic and Pacific sides. Like Sam Carey, Adams agrees that the mid-ocean ridges, from which new material appears on the ocean floor, had once split the Earth's crust apart and created the ocean basins, causing the Earth to grow. In his videos, Adams states that he adhered to the evidence available regarding the age of the various sections of the ocean floor in order to determine the pattern, order and movements of the various continents during the growth process. By backtracking, and progressively removing the newest sections from the ocean floor, until arriving at a near half-sized globe, completely covered only by the continental crust, Adams demonstrates what appears to be a near-perfect all-around matching of all the continental edges. He speculates that such matching could only be possible if the Earth was once considerably smaller, and completely covered by the continental crust.

[edit] Physics of a growing earth

The primary objection to Expanding Earth Hypothesis, as introduced by Professor of Geology Samuel Carey, and others, in the 1960s, centered around the lack of a process by which the Earth's mass could increase. This issue, along with the rise of the theory of subduction, caused the scientific community to dismiss the geological evidence Carey and others presented. The evidence for continental matching, even on the Pacific facing sides became irrelevant, as did the claims that a smaller sized and lower gravity Earth facilitated the growth of dinosaurs to their relatively enormous size. However, the proponents of this hypothesis were unable to explain where the mass that causes Earth Growth comes from, it was dismissed for the theory that subduction caused the Earth to remain at a fixed size.

[edit] Pair production and the creation of matter

In confronting this issue, which caused the rejection of an Expanding Earth by the scientific community, Adams explores how evidence available in the fields of physics and cosmology, indicates that the creation of matter within the cores of suns, planets, moons, and all celestial bodies is a continuous ongoing event, causing the universe to grow.

The creation of matter, he explains, is a common phenomenon for which evidence was first discovered in 1932 by Carl David Anderson, the 4th youngest scientist to win the Nobel Prize. Anderson discovered what Adams believes to be the indication of the spontaneous generation of matter, later called pair production. In his experiments, Anderson documented the collision of high energy photons with what Adams believes is an undetectable standing field of prime matter particles, which produced an electron and a positron.

Adams believes this is the prime creation event occurring in the universe and that all other theorized particle creation is directly related to this process. He states that electron/positron pair production provides the basic constituent for the creation of all matter in the universe, derived from this spontaneously created particle pair.

The universe, he states, is filled with a prime matter particle field which is speculated today as being the dark energy causing the perceived expansion of the universe. It is not only expanding but rather also "growing". The prime matter field is undetectable, because the positive and negative electro-magnetic fields of its particles flow inwardly into their core. When Prime Matter particles are struck by a high energy photon, the positive core particle is deflected and flips its electro-magnetic field outwardly becoming a positron. The negative outer energy field then also flips outwardly to become an electron. This, Adams believes, is what Carl Anderson discovered through his experiments in 1932. He further states that this particle pair appeared to have then immediately annihilated, but in fact only disappeared again because the positron quickly attracted the electron back to it, causing their electro-magnetic fields to flip inwardly again and become undetectable.

Adams also speculates that under conditions of intense electro-magnetic force, such as he believes exists in the cores of black holes, suns, planets, and moons, this process allows the positron to remain separated from the electron long enough to accumulate 5 layers of prime matter particle shells which comprise a total of 919 prime matter particles, forming a new proton. The electron half of the core prime matter particle then binds to the newly generated proton, creating a new hydrogen atom.

[edit] Building blocks of matter

This electron/positron prime matter particle pair, Adams' hypothesis states, is the fundamental building block of all matter in the universe. That all sub-atomic particles, such as quarks, muons, and such, belong to the prime matter particle shells, collected in layers around a positron to form protons and neutrons--and that neutrinos are effectively no more than electrons and positrons that have not absorbed the photon energy and have thus remained at accelerated "half" fields. That the electro-magnetic field binding the electron/positron pair is the only field in the universe and that all other attracting and repelling forces are derived from this one single field. That for gravity, which is merely an attracting force, there must also exist an opposite repelling force.

Adams' hypothesis puts forth a perfect balance of positive and negative electro-magnetic force in the universe based on the equal charge, and also equal mass, of electrons and positrons. It proposes that the sun processes a portion of its Hydrogen into helium by heat and compression of Hydrogen atoms into neutrons. That all higher count atoms are produced as the sun fires atoms and ionises them, in the process. These ions are carried on the sun's "Van Allen Belts", joining into higher count nuclei until they fall off their lines and accumulate electron shells--the higher count atoms nearer the sun and the lower count further away, as the sun's electromagnetic lines become weaker. The higher count atoms, produced locally, do not require supernova stars, he claims, just as the spontaneous creation and processing of matter is carried out within the plasma cores (not molten iron) of all planets and moons.

Adams believes his hypothesis presents a more concise and comprehensive reading of available scientific evidence which indicates the universe is growing, not exploding or merely expanding. Along with other Expanding Earth researchers and enthusiasts, he utilizes the internet to encourage discussions of it and disseminates his hypothesis to the scientific community and wider audiences.^[10]

[edit] Criticism

The Growing Earth Hypothesis is considered pseudoscience, because it disagrees with the vast amounts of experimental evidence which forms the basis of General Relativity and the Standard Model as well as with geodetic and geophysical observations.

• 10 years of continuous monitoring of the Earth's gravitational field by an international network^[11] of ultra sensitive Superconducting Gravimeters^[12] robustly demonstrates that terrestrial gravity has not increased and accordingly, there has been no growth.^[13][14][15]
• Stars, including the sun, blast out large amounts of photons which in Adams' theory would continuously create huge amounts of protons and electrons from the hypothetical prime matter filling the universe. This has never been observed. ^[16]
• Adams believes that gravity is "electromagnetic" in nature and no scientific consensus exists to support such a notion.
• The medical imaging technique relies on electron-positron annihilation to form two gamma photons of 511 keV, while the growing earth theory is based on the suggestion that they are converted to "prime matter". ^[17]
• The International Terrestrial Reference Frame for the Earth in 2005 actually shrank a very small amount (0.2 ppb which would be equivalent to a 5mm reduction of diameter) from the reference frame in 2000.^[18]
• McElhinny et al.^[19] used paleomagnetic data to calculate that the radius of the Earth 400 million years ago was 102 ± 2.8% of today's radius. This constraint would preclude the dramatic increase in radius required by any expanding earth hypothesis.

[edit] Footnotes

[edit] References

• Coast-to-Coast AM Radio 3/16/06, The Expanding Planets with host George Noory.
• The Skeptics Guide to the Universe Skepticast #51: 7/12/2006, Adams interview.
• Coast to Coast Radio 8/12/06, The Growing Earth with host Art Bell.
• Physics of Growing Earth primary source.
• Expanding Earth Theory... The Physics Side primary source.
• Prime Matter Video primary source.

[edit] Further reading

• Carey, S. Warren (1988). Theories of the earth and universe : a history of dogma in the earth sciences. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1364-2. 
• Michihei, HOSHINO (1998). The Expanding Earth evidence, causes and effects. Kanagawa, JAPAN: Tokai University Press. ISBN 4-486-03139-3. 

[edit] External links

• Neal Adams Animation collection of Expanding (Growing) Earth Theory
• The Expanded Earth
• Expanding Earth / The Evidence

• Lawrence Meyer's Expanding Earth