Michael (gorilla)
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Michael (b March 17, 1973, Cameroon, Africa - d. April 19, 2000) was the first male 'talking' gorilla. He had a working vocabulary of over 600 signs in American Sign Language, taught to him by Koko, a female gorilla; Dr. Francine Patterson (to whom the gorillas referred using the sign "penny"); and other staff of Stanford University. Michael, an orphan, spent most of his life in Woodside, California, where he became a local celebrity and well-known painter, creating colorfully vivid impressionist works.
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[edit] Biography
Michael was a silverback gorilla whose parents were killed while he was still a baby. According to the movie Koko: Conversation with a Gorilla, his handlers felt that using sign language, he was attempting to relate his mother's death at the hands of poachers. At the age of three he was brought to live with Koko at Stanford.
Koko, having seen videotapes of several males, expressed a desire to have a visit with Michael. Intended to be Koko's mate, she apparently came to relate to him as an adopted brother, and they never mated.
Michael's favorite color was yellow, and his favorite TV shows were Sesame Street and Mister Rogers. He enjoyed listening to Luciano Pavarotti and looking at pictures. Michael also greatly enjoyed painting, and took it quite seriously, as opposed to Koko, who would paint for fun. He died of heart failure. Koko and her more recent potential mate, Ndume, mourned their loss of Michael for several months after his death.
[edit] Artwork
Michael was very passionate about painting. Using sign language, Michael provided the titles for his own artworks, such as: "Apple Chase", a painting depicting Apple -- his pet dog -- with whom he enjoyed playing chase; "Toy Dinosaur", a painting of a rubber dinosaur toy (which he pressed onto the ground to create scales); "Stink Gorilla More", (a painting of flowers -- "stink" was Michael and Koko's mutual sign for 'flowers'); and "Me, Myself, Good" -- a self-portrait -- which includes his hand print and, in the corner, a colorful shape.
When an autistic teenager saw the painting, they sketched what they saw in the shape. It was an extremely close resemblance to a gorilla[citation needed]. When painting, Michael was always given a full palette and never restricted when it came to his use of colors or the way that he painted.
To paint, Michael often used his fingers, and sometimes a brush. Human artists have been envious of Michael's work, stating that it is far more uninhibited and pure than they could manage[citation needed]. Michael's work was considered impressionist -- and he seemed to enjoy painting images of things and events from his personal life, in a style that has been referred to by others as emotional representation.
[edit] Use of language
Michael had a vocabulary of over 600 signs, some of which he learned from Koko. They both used 'stink' for 'flowers', and 'lip' for 'girl'. Because of the musculo-skeletal difference between apes and humans, the two gorillas employed a modified version of American Sign Language, adapted for their physical abilities. In American Sign Language, or "ASL", a language invented for the deaf, a single sign may mean a concept which might take more than one word to express in English.
In sign language, deaf humans often create new signs by combining or two or more signs, to express a concept for which they have no sign. Additionally, repetition and exaggeration of signs is used to create emphasis. Repetition, exaggeration and the creation of new signs by combining signs are techniques which are also used by simian 'signers'.
Michael learned 20 words within his first year with The Gorilla Foundation. The following is an example of Michael's description of an event that is thought by humans at The Gorilla Foundation to be the death of his mother -- killed by poachers when he was quite young:
- "Squash meat gorilla. Mouth tooth. Cry sharp-noise loud. Bad think-trouble look-face. Cut/neck lip (girl) hole."
Michael seemed to behave much like a small child. Some of the brightest gorillas have been assessed as having an IQ range of 75-90, whereas 100 is average for humans. Michael has described emotion, memories, and lies through sign language. Both Michael and Koko used the sign "fake" to describe a lie or to express doubt about the truth of a statement.
[edit] Apple
Apple was Michael's pet dog, a very playful border collie. Michael seemed to love his dog, wish to take care of it, and often played with it. Apple died before Michael. Apple was also Michael's inspiration for his painting "Apple Chase".
