Mian Hayaud Din
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(PA – 18) Major General Mian Hayaud Din HJ, MBE, MC (July 2, 1910 - May 20, 1965) was a soldier and a government official in the early years of Pakistan's existence.
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[edit] His life
[edit] Family history
Mian Hayaud Din was born in Peshawar, the capital of the North-West Frontier Province. His father, Mian Wasiuddin, served in the Archeological Survey of India, and was awarded the title of Khan Bahadur and Khan Sahib for his service under Sir Aurel Stein and Sir John Marshall in excavating and cataloging the Gandhara and Ashoka sites at Swat, Takht-e-Bahi, Sudher and Taxila, among others.
He was a member of the Kakakhel Miangan, a clan of Hussaini Syeds, whose members can all trace their descent from Hazrat Sheikh Syed Kasteer Gul, more commonly known as Kaka Sahib. Kaka Sahib was a holy man whose political/financial support and relationship with Khushal Khan Khattak were fundamental to the latter's leadership of the Pashtuns against the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in the 2nd half of the 17th Century A.D. Widely revered and respected by many Pashtuns, Kaka Sahib is particularly important to members of the Khattak tribe of Pashtuns, as his shrine, Ziarat Kaka Sahib, is located in the hills South of the town of Nowshehra, in the heart of Khattak territory.
kakakhels are the most prominent religious family of N.W.F.P and highly revered by all the pashtoons. They are often called upon by tribals to resolve their disputes.
As an adolescent, Mian Hayaud Din was given the family nickname by which he was known for the rest of life: Bacha Gul - "King of the Roses", although his father called him Chocha, an abbreviation of the word Marchakai, Pashto for Hot Pepper, in recognition of his fiery temper.
Mian Hayaud Din studied at the Edwardes Mission School and then Islamia College, Peshawar before being selected in an All-India competition to be a King's Commissioned Officer at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.
This selection process was to identify 2 cadets per term to be enrolled at Sandhurst in keeping with British Imperial policy goals to recruit officers from their Indian Empire into the Royal Indian Army. This policy was a result of the fact that the troops in the Royal Indian Army were Indians commanded by British officers and the vast majority of troops deployed by Britain in World War I were from the Royal Indian Army. Further grounds for adding officers of Indian origin to the officer corps was learning from the Sepoy Rebellion (The Great Indian Mutiny or the First War of Independence, depending upon whether a British or Indian historian is referring to the uprising).
At Sandhurst, he was the first non-British cadet to be promoted to Corporal of the Corps of Cadets. It was also at Sandhurst that he was first called Gunga, the nickname by which he was known to his nearest and dearest friends.
[edit] The army years
Upon being commissioned from Sandhurst, he was selected for his Regimental attachment with the Royal Scots Regiment, where he was the first non-British Officer to be so attached. This service commenced in Quetta, Baluchistan, where he met Ahmad Yar Khan, the Khan of Kalat, who was also attached to the same Regiment and they became close friends. During the 1930s he also formed another of his closest friendships with Khan Abdul Ghani Khan, the leading poet of the Pashtuns and eldest son of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, the Frontier Gandhi.
In 1932 he joined the 4/12th Frontier Force Regiment of the British Indian Army. He was particularly effective in command of Sikh troops, as he was one of the few Muslim Officers in the British Indian Army certified as fluent in speaking, reading and writing Gurmukhi, the Panjabi language of the Sikhs. From his childhood in Peshawar, he was fluent in Pashto (his mother tongue) Persian; Hindko (the dialect of Panjabi spoken by the non-Pashtun residents of the City of Peshawar) and Urdu (the language of Indian Muslims), in addition to having taken French while at Sandhurst.
He served with distinction on the North West Frontier in the early 1930s and was transferred to East Bengal in 1938. There he extensively trekked through the jungles of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Upon the outbreak of World War II he served in Burma. When Hitler's attack on Stalingrad was seen as a possible breakthrough to the Middle-Eastern oilfields, Royal Indian Army units were transferred to Iraq. For his meritorious services in Iraq and Persia with PAI Force he was made a Member in Military Division of The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE).
He then graduated from the Royal Indian Army Staff College, Quetta, in a wartime emergency course, where his classmates included, among others, Major Muhammad Ayub Khan, later to become President of Pakistan.
Returning to Burma he was served as a company commander in the 9/12 Frontier Force Regiment subordinate to 80 Indian Infantry Brigade commanded by Brigadier Stuart Greeves. The Commander of the formation was Major General Douglas David Gracey GOC 20th Indian Division. After two previous battalion commanders were wounded, Mian Hayaud Din was promoted to battalion commander and later decorated with the Military Cross for gallantry. In addition, he was Mentioned in Dispatches in the London Gazette on four separate occasions: August 5, 1943 September 27, 1945 September 27, 1945 and May 9, 1946.
Lt Col Hayaud Din then served with the 7th Indian Division (Golden Arrow) in South East Asia under the overall command of General Sir Douglas David Gracey (KCB, KCIE, CBE, MC) Commander of Allied Land Forces, French Indo-China (later Vietnam), in 1945-1946. He was selected by General Gracey to receive the sword of surrender from the Commander in Chief of Japanese forces in that theatre of operations. For his distinguished conduct and gallantry in assisting French forces, Mian Hayaud Din was awarded the Cross of Commandeur of the Légion d'Honneur, by the French Government.
He was a graduate among those British Military Service officers chosen to attend the first post-war course at the Joint Services Staff College, Latimer, England. Subsequently promoted to full Colonel, in early 1946 he served as the President of the Royal Indian Army Selection Board in Pune. He was then selected as the Deputy Commander of the Royal Indian Army Mission to the Allied Peace Commission in Berlin from late 1946 to late 1947. He was returning from Berlin in August 1947 as the British withdrew from their Indian Empire and partitioned India. Colonel Mian Hayaud Din opted for Pakistan, and was 18th on the seniority list of the newly formed Royal Pakistan Army.
Promoted to command the Bannu Brigade in 1948, he oversaw Operation Curzon, the name given to the withdrawal of troops from the Tribal Areas in Waziristan, bordering South Eastern Afghanistan. He met with tribal elders and informed them that while he and his soldiers were fellow Muslims and largely Pashtuns, as were the tribesmen, any firing on the withdrawing troops would be countered with a crushing response, in keeping with tribal customs of revenge. The tribes offered no resistance and the entire withdrawal was completed peacefully.
During the 1948 Kashmir war, Brigadier Hayaud Din fought in the Poonch sector. He led a small group of volunteers, with mobile artillery transported by mules, shelling the airfield at Poonch from the surrounding hills to the point of rendering it unusable. Indian Army garrison forces in the town were preparing to surrender to him when a general cease-fire in all of Kashmir came into effect. For his bravery and successful command of operations, he was recommended by General Sir Douglas Gracey for the equivalent of the British Distinguished Service Order, its 2nd highest gallantry award after the Victoria Cross. As a result he was awarded the Hilal-i-Jurat, Pakistan's second highest gallantry award.
He was then posted to London as the first Head of Pakistan's Military Mission (Military Attache) to the United Kingdom.
In 1950 on promotion to Major General, he returned to General Head Quarters and was appointed as the first non-British officer to command 7th (Golden Arrow) Division as its General Officer Commanding at Rawalpindi. When the Rawalpindi Conspiracy Case was discovered, he personally arrested Major General Akbar Khan DSO, then Chief of the General Staff and ring-leader of the Conspiracy.
In 1952 he attended the Imperial Defence College, London, and on the successful completion of this course, Major General Mian Hayaud Din was appointed the Chief of the General Staff of the Royal Pakistan Army.
His deep interest in history and archaeology was reflected in his unique collection of historical books and manuscripts. His military writings are still part of the curriculum taught at the Pakistan Military Academy. He was the author of "One Hundred Glorious Years", a book he wrote for the Centenary Celebrations of the Frontier Force Regiment.
He also wrote articles on the historic forts at Attock and Rohtas, the latter is currently referred to on the Wikipedia website for Rohtas Fort, Pakistan.
In 1954, the Cambridge University Mountaineering Club's Karakoram expedition arrived in Pakistan to scale the unclimbed peak, Rakaposhi. Major General Hayaud Din was invited to join this expedition. Members of this strong expedition included the Austrians Anderl Heckmair and Matthias Rebitsch, the Englishman George Band and the Genevan Dr. Alfred Tissieres. The climbing party tried the south-west spur of Rakaposhi which connects with the south-west ridge at the Monk's Head. Base camp was set-up at the Kunti glacier. The expedition went up to 6,340m/20,800ft but bad weather and shortage of time forced it to return to the base camp.
In July 1955 Major General Mian Hayaud Din was posted to Washington DC as Chief of the Pakistan Military Mission. Here he was closely involved in all aspects of the USMAAG Program. His close personal friendships with General Nathan Twining, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; General Thomas White, USAF Chief of Staff; General Earle Wheeler, US Army Chief of Staff, among others, and his excellent relationships with senior civilian members of the Eisenhower Administration's Department of Defence resulted in his being read into the Congressional Record by Senator Strom Thurmond.
These relationships and his eloquent advocacy were the reason for his being instrumental in ensuring that the military assistance and equipment provided by the US Government to its treaty ally, Pakistan, was the best possible.
For example, in 1958 when the US was considering providing supersonic aircraft to augment the North American F-86 Sabrejet fighters previously provided to the Pakistan Air Force (PAF), it initially intended to provide 100 North American F-100 SuperSabre jets, which could be used in both ground attack and interception, capable of speeds up to Mach 1. He prevailed upon the US Government to supply a smaller number of the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter instead. While this aircraft was primarily intended for high-altitude bomber interception at speeds of Mach 2 and, therefore, more useful in serving Pakistan's military alliance with the West in a possible conflict with the USSR, it had the additional benefit of being a potent psychological deterrent in a more localized conflict scenario. The US provided 10 F104-A single seater versions of these and 2 F104-B twin-seat trainers.
The Commanding Officer of this new squadron was Squadron Leader Mian Sadruddin, who went on to become an Air Vice Marshal and PAF Deputy Chief of Staff. His wingman and 2nd in command was Flight Lt. Jamal Ahmad Khan, who went on to become an Air Chief Marshal and PAF Commander in Chief. Both these officers were outstanding in their flying and command skills, representing the unique combination achieved by the Pakistan military establishment from the 1950s onwards of a British organizational and command culture with the intensive training and superb technology of the US.
(In the 1965 war between India and Pakistan, whenever F-104's took off to intercept Indian aircraft, the Indian planes would return to base immediately)
Upon his departure from Washington in September 1960 as Dean of the Corps of Military Attaches, he was awarded the Legion of Merit by the Eisenhower Administration. This is the highest decoration that can be bestowed by the US Government upon a foreign military officer and has only been awarded to about 600 persons, including General George Patton; Audie Murphy; Chiang Kai Shek and Dean Rusk.
His gallantry/service decorations, plus four Mentions in Despatches, made him the most highly decorated officer of the Pakistan Army, and the only Officer ever to have been decorated by the Governments of Britain; France; Pakistan and the USA.
He ended active service in the Pakistan Army upon completing 30 years of service, in the rank of Major General, and retired in December 1960.
[edit] Government service
Upon retirement from the Pakistan Army, he was appointed in a civilian capacity as Director General (Bureau of Mineral Resources) in the Ministry of Fuel, Power & Natural Resources. The Minister handling this portfolio was Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, a future Foreign Minister, President, Civilian Martial Law Administrator and Prime Minister of Pakistan.
In October 1961 he visited the Sui Gas Fields to visit an Indian Army colleague, with whom he had served in Burma during WW II, who was an executive there. His Indian Army colleague's wife, Sylvia Matheson, was an archaeologist, who inscribed and gave him a copy of her book Time Off To Dig. During her time in Sui she later met and befriended Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti, who featured prominently in her next book - Tigers of Baluchistan. She dedicated this book to General "Gunga" Hayaud Din, as he was known to his closest friends, including Sylvia Matheson and her husband.
In 1962, he was appointed founding Managing Director of the Oil & Gas Development Corporation of Pakistan (OGDC). Its purpose was to explore and develop oil and gas deposits. Under his leadership a very large gas deposit was found off the coast of East Pakistan, now Bangladesh. Ms. Viqar-un-Nisa Quadri's article "OGDC Memories" published in the Dawn Magazine issue of Sunday, January 11, 1998 attests to his leadership and startup of an organization in which Russians and Pakistanis worked together successfully, under trying conditions.
On May 1 1965 he relinquished charge of the OGDC, upon his appointment as Chairman of the National Press Trust (NPT), a position which also included the rank of Cabinet Minister in the Federal Government of Pakistan. He was leading a delegation of Pakistani journalists and tourism/travel executives to Cairo on Pakistan International Airlines' inaugural flight PK 705 when the aircraft crashed while landing at Cairo in the pre-dawn darkness on May 20, 1965. Of the 119 passengers and crew, only 6 survived.
The remains of nearly all the crash victims, including those of Major General Mian Hayaud Din, were buried in a special graveyard at Cairo.
[edit] His achievements
[edit] Citations for awards
[edit] Hilal – I – Jurat
Citation for Major General Mian Hayauddin MBE, MC
"In February 1948 to prevent the complete overrunning of KASHMIR by INDIA and the consequent flooding of PAKISTAN by a further influx of refugees, it was decided to render some active support to the AZAD Forces fighting in KASHMIR.
A detachment mainly of artillery was accordingly dispatched in early March to POONCH under the command of a specially selected officer Brigadier (now Major General) Hayauddin.
At the time there was no road to POONCH beyond PANJAR, heavy rainfall had destroyed even the rough hill tracks, a lesser commander would have delayed and hesitated but Major General Hayauddin pushed on with the utmost determination and in spite of immense difficulties successfully coordinated an attack which took place on March 17, 1948.
The attack was well planned and the INDIANS evacuated their positions. The AZAD Forces were however too untrained to take full advantage of the situation, and the enemy were able to reoccupy their positions on the following day. Major General Hayauddin however never contemplated withdrawing his detachment and managed to keep the INDIAN airfield under fire for some days. INDIA was eventually forced to mount a complete expedition to relieve POONCH, which constituted for PAKISTAN a most useful diversion of INDIA’s energies and resources.
The determination and skilful action of Major General Hayauddin’s detachment constituted a most vital phase in the KASHMIR war.
I recommend him strongly for an award equal to the DSO."
F Loftus Tottenham
Major General (Retd)
Late GOC 7 Division.
- Major General Mian Hayauddin MBE, MC
"Major General (then Brigadier) M Hayauddin MBE MC, was sent by me to take command of operations in POONCH area in February 1948, at a time when there was grave danger that the considerable Indian force of a Brigade plus would drive away the Azad and tribal forces who were investing POONCH and who were gradually losing their morale and becoming shaken and disorganized.
As stated by Major General Loftus Tottenham (recommendation attached) Major General Hayauddin showed the greatest determination, courage and initiative – not only in reorganizing the forces on the spot and building up their morale, but also in staging an attack on the Indian defenses of POONCH, which would undoubtedly have succeeded if it had had a little more Regular backing.
I entirely endorse all that Major General Loftus Tottenham has written about his actions, and also his recommendation that Major General M Hayauddin is greatly deserving of a Pakistani decoration of the equivalent of a DSO for his great courage, skilful leadership and organization, dogged determination and invaluable reports – all under conditions which would have dismayed and discouraged a less determined leader."
General
Late C in C Pakistan Army, 1948 – 51.
[edit] Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
George the Sixth by the Grace of God of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India and Sovereign of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire to Our trusty and well beloved Mian Hayaud Din Esquire, Captain acting Major, in Our Indian Army:
- Greeting
Whereas, We have thought fit to nominate and appoint you to be an Additional Member of the Military Division of Our said Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, We do by these presents grant unto you the Dignity of an Additional Member of Our said Order, and hereby authorize you to have, hold and enjoy the said Dignity and Rank of an Additional Member of Our aforesaid Order, together with all and singular the privileges thereunto belonging or appertaining.
Given at Our Court at Saint James’s under Our Sign Manual and the Seal of Our said Order this First day of July 1941 in the Fifth year of Our Reign.
By the Sovereign’s Command
Grant of the dignity of an Additional Member of the Military Division of the Order of the British Empire to Captain (acting Major) Mian Hayaud Din, I.A.
[edit] Military Cross
Major (Temporary) Mian Hayaud Din MBE (A.I. 97)
12th Frontier Force Regiment - Indian Army
On 28 February, 1945 Major HAYAUD DIN 9th/12th Frontier Force Regiment was commanding his battalion during the capture of YEZIN and INYA.
The operation was a very difficult one because the tanks which were supporting the attack could only cross at CHAUNG in front of the enemy position at one place. Previous close reconnaissance of this place had been impossible.
Early in the operation unexpected heavy resistance was met with from the Southern flank in an area in which the tanks were unable to operate. This resistance completely held up the advance.
Major HAYAUD DIN detailed the necessary party to mask this opposition and handled his battalion with great skill. The infantry storming the CHAUNG secured a crossing place for the tanks and quickly consolidated. Major HAYAUD DIN rapidly organised the remaining two companies of his battalion to continue the advance to INYA in an entirely new direction. INYA was captured against strong opposition and an immediate counter attack beaten off with heavy losses to the Japs.
It was now nearly dark but so carefully had the administrative arrangements been previously planned that the necessary consolidation stores were brought up in time, the wounded evacuated and the positions consolidated enabling all counter attacks during the night 28 February/1 March to be beaten off.
During the course of this very complicated operation in which one hundred and forty nine Japanese were killed and much booty including a 105 mm gun was captured.
Major HAYAUD DIN displayed the greatest coolness and courage. During periods of heavy shelling his calm and unperturbed demeanour was an outstanding example to all ranks and largely contributed to the success of the operation.
Citation dated: March 3, 1945; Published in the London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37091, page 2651, 24 May 1945.
[edit] Cross of Commandeur de la Legion d'Honneur
Washington DC - June 10, 1959: At a ceremony today at the French Embassy, Major General Mian Hayauddin – Military and Naval Attaché to the Embassy of Pakistan in the United States, was decorated with the Cross of Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur by Major General Jean Marie Bezy - Air Attaché to the Embassy of France.
The speech of the French Ambassador to the USA
Dear General Hayaud Din
It is indeed an honor and a great pleasure for me to bestow upon you the Cross of Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur.
The French Military ceremonies as a rule do not involve long speeches, therefore in a few short words, I will indicate the reasons which merit this decoration.
For a long time, France has desired to express to you her gratitude for your brilliant conduct in 1945 - 1946 during the campaign which brought about the surrender of the Japanese forces and Communist elements armed by them in South Vietnam.
At the head of your battalion you established bridgeheads, thus permitting the landing of Allied Forces in the Saigon area; you brought under control difficult regions at the price of heavy casualties; you succeeded everywhere.
Your brilliant leadership became so well known that the Divisional Commander, General Gracey, chose you to receive the sabre of the Japanese Commander in Chief at the time of his surrender.
By this brave and vigorous action, which put a quick end to a murderous occupation, you spared the lives of numerous of our French Compatriots and of our Vietnamese friends, and, in this way, you gave them liberty sooner.
The Government of the French Republic is deeply grateful to you.
The presence here today of His Excellency Aziz Ahmed, Ambassador of Pakistan to the United States, emphasises the concurrence of your own Government to this homage rendered to an outstanding officer who has served so magnificently the cause of liberty, the Allied cause, and at the same time the French cause.
The presence of our American friends shows the high esteem they have of you; your position as Dean of Military Attaches has only increased the number of your friends.
Dear General, with my personal congratulations, it is my pleasure to decorate you.
Reply by Major General Mian Hayauddin HJ, MBE, MC
I consider it a great honor to be awarded the Legion of Honor by the Republic of France. It is a great honor indeed not only for me but also for my country. My part in World War Two was very small. The credit goes to the men who fought under me, as they are the ones who deserve this decoration.
France and Pakistan have been friends for a long time. In World Wars One and Two, soldiers from Pakistan fought side by side with French soldiers in France and other battlefields. Many of them paid the supreme sacrifice and are buried in France. I pray to Almighty God that relations between France and Pakistan, along with our friend USA grow stronger every day.
I thank Their Excellencies, The Ambassadors of France and Pakistan, along with other friends who have taken the trouble to grace this occasion. I thank again, the Republic of France for this very great honor bestowed upon me.
[edit] Medal of the Legion of Merit, Degree of Officer
Karachi – January 12, 1961: At a ceremony this afternoon at the American Embassy Residence Major General Hayauddin – Director General Mineral Resources and former Military Attaché to the Embassy of Pakistan in the United States, received the Medal of the Legion of Merit, Degree of Officer, from the American Ambassador William M Rountree.
The text of the citation accompanying the medal, which was read by Lieutenant Colonel William D Ward, Assistant Army Attaché to the American Embassy said:
“The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 20, 1942, has awarded the Legion of Merit, Degree of Officer, to Major General Mian Hayauddin, Pakistan Army, for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services:
General Hayauddin has distinguished himself by exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding service as Military Attaché to the Embassy of Pakistan in the United States from July 1955 to September 1960. Through his tireless and selfless devotion to duty, he has contributed significantly to the attainment of the Free World’s objectives of peace and security. His friendly and sincere cooperation with United States military personnel has served to strengthen the spirit of friendship and mutual confidence, which characterizes the relationship between the Armed Forces of Pakistan and the United States of America. His outstanding leadership, sound judgment and exceptional energy in the performance of his important duties reflect distinct credit upon himself and the military service of his country.”
[edit] References
- Lt Gen Attiqur Rahman (1980). Wardens of the Marches: A History of the Piffers, 1947 - 1971.
- Lt Gen Attiqur Rahman (2005). Back to the Pavilion. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-597861-7
- Band, George. Road to Rakaposhi (1955). London. The Travel Book Club. ISBN B-00-00CJ90-H.
- Cloughley, Col Brian (2000). A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-579374-9
- Condon, Brig W.E.H (1962). The Frontier Force Regiment.
- Hayauddin, Maj Gen Mian (1950). One Hundred Glorious Years: A History of The Punjab Frontier Force 1849 - 1949. Civil & Military Gazette Ltd.
- Matheson, Sylvia A (1967). The Tigers of Baluchistan. London: Arthur Barker Limited. Reprint: Oxford University Press, Karachi (1998), ISBN 0-19-577763-8.
- Riza, Maj Gen Shaukat (1989). The Pakistan Army 1947 – 1949. Services Book Club.
- Roberts, Brig M R (1952). Golden Arrow: The Story of the 7th Indian Division in the Second World War 1939 - 1945. Gale & Polden Ltd.
- Zaheer, Hasan (1998). The Times and Trial of The Rawalpindi Conspiracy 1951. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-577892-8
- Ziauddin, Mian (1976). Memoirs of a Pakistani Diplomat. Peshawar. University Book Agency.
- A History of Rakaposhi expeditions
- Banks, Mike.Rakaposhi (1959).A.S. Barnes and Company, Inc., New York. Library of Congress Catalog Card # 60-11347
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Hayauddin, Mian |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | "Gunga" |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Pakistan Army Officer |
| DATE OF BIRTH | July 2, 1910 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Peshawar, North West Frontier Province |
| DATE OF DEATH | May 20, 1965 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Cairo, Egypt |
