Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4

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Glutamate receptor, metabotropic 4
Identifiers
Symbol(s) GRM4; GPRC1D; MGLUR4; mGlu4
External IDs OMIM: 604100 MGI: 1351341 HomoloGene: 20230
RNA expression pattern

More reference expression data
Orthologs
Human Mouse
Entrez 2914 268934
Ensembl ENSG00000124493 ENSMUSG00000063239
Uniprot Q14833 n/a
Refseq NM_000841 (mRNA)
NP_000832 (protein)		 NM_001013385 (mRNA)
NP_001013403 (protein)
Location Chr 6: 34.1 - 34.23 Mb Chr 17: 27.15 - 27.23 Mb
Pubmed search [1] [2]

Glutamate receptor, metabotropic 4, also known as GRM4, is a human gene.[1]

L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors, that have been divided into 3 groups on the basis of sequence homology, putative signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacologic properties. Group I includes GRM1 and GRM5 and these receptors have been shown to activate phospholipase C. Group II includes GRM2 and GRM3 while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8. Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities.[1]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b Entrez Gene: GRM4 glutamate receptor, metabotropic 4.

[edit] Further reading

  • Flor PJ, Lukic S, Rüegg D, et al. (1995). "Molecular cloning, functional expression and pharmacological characterization of the human metabotropic glutamate receptor type 4.". Neuropharmacology 34 (2): 149–55. PMID 7617140. 
  • Makoff A, Lelchuk R, Oxer M, et al. (1996). "Molecular characterization and localization of human metabotropic glutamate receptor type 4.". Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 37 (1-2): 239–48. PMID 8738157. 
  • Scherer SW, Duvoisin RM, Kuhn R, et al. (1997). "Localization of two metabotropic glutamate receptor genes, GRM3 and GRM8, to human chromosome 7q.". Genomics 31 (2): 230–3. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0036. PMID 8824806. 
  • Gomeza J, Mary S, Brabet I, et al. (1996). "Coupling of metabotropic glutamate receptors 2 and 4 to G alpha 15, G alpha 16, and chimeric G alpha q/i proteins: characterization of new antagonists.". Mol. Pharmacol. 50 (4): 923–30. PMID 8863838. 
  • Wu S, Wright RA, Rockey PK, et al. (1998). "Group III human metabotropic glutamate receptors 4, 7 and 8: molecular cloning, functional expression, and comparison of pharmacological properties in RGT cells.". Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 53 (1-2): 88–97. PMID 9473604. 
  • Fu M, Wang C, Reutens AT, et al. (2000). "p300 and p300/cAMP-response element-binding protein-associated factor acetylate the androgen receptor at sites governing hormone-dependent transactivation.". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (27): 20853–60. doi:10.1074/jbc.M000660200. PMID 10779504. 
  • Barbon A, Ferraboli S, Barlati S (2000). "Assignment of the human metabotropic glutamate receptor gene GRM4 to chromosome 6 band p21.3 by radiation hybrid mapping.". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 88 (3-4): 210. PMID 10828590. 
  • Ohtsuki T, Toru M, Arinami T (2002). "Mutation screening of the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR4 (GRM4) gene in patients with schizophrenia.". Psychiatr. Genet. 11 (2): 79–83. PMID 11525421. 
  • Erdemir T, Bilican B, Oncel D, et al. (2002). "DNA damage-dependent interaction of the nuclear matrix protein C1D with Translin-associated factor X (TRAX).". J. Cell. Sci. 115 (Pt 1): 207–16. PMID 11801738. 
  • Collard CD, Park KA, Montalto MC, et al. (2002). "Neutrophil-derived glutamate regulates vascular endothelial barrier function.". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (17): 14801–11. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110557200. PMID 11847215. 
  • Enz R (2002). "The actin-binding protein Filamin-A interacts with the metabotropic glutamate receptor type 7.". FEBS Lett. 514 (2-3): 184–8. PMID 11943148. 
  • Gaughan L, Logan IR, Cook S, et al. (2002). "Tip60 and histone deacetylase 1 regulate androgen receptor activity through changes to the acetylation status of the receptor.". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (29): 25904–13. doi:10.1074/jbc.M203423200. PMID 11994312. 
  • Mungall AJ, Palmer SA, Sims SK, et al. (2003). "The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.". Nature 425 (6960): 805–11. doi:10.1038/nature02055. PMID 14574404. 
  • Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039. 
  • Iacovelli L, Capobianco L, Iula M, et al. (2004). "Regulation of mGlu4 metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling by type-2 G-protein coupled receptor kinase (GRK2).". Mol. Pharmacol. 65 (5): 1103–10. doi:10.1124/mol.65.5.1103. PMID 15102938. 
  • Hermit MB, Greenwood JR, Bräuner-Osborne H (2004). "Mutation-induced quisqualic acid and ibotenic acid affinity at the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 4: ligand selectivity results from a synergy of several amino acid residues.". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (33): 34811–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M404109200. PMID 15184361. 
  • Yoo BC, Jeon E, Hong SH, et al. (2005). "Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4-mediated 5-Fluorouracil resistance in a human colon cancer cell line.". Clin. Cancer Res. 10 (12 Pt 1): 4176–84. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-1114-03. PMID 15217955. 
  • Chang HJ, Yoo BC, Lim SB, et al. (2005). "Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 expression in colorectal carcinoma and its prognostic significance.". Clin. Cancer Res. 11 (9): 3288–95. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-1912. PMID 15867225. 
  • Mathiesen JM, Ramirez MT (2006). "The metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 is internalized and desensitized upon protein kinase C activation.". Br. J. Pharmacol. 148 (3): 279–90. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706733. PMID 16582932. 
  • Iacovelli L, Arcella A, Battaglia G, et al. (2006). "Pharmacological activation of mGlu4 metabotropic glutamate receptors inhibits the growth of medulloblastomas.". J. Neurosci. 26 (32): 8388–97. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2285-06.2006. PMID 16899734. 
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v • d • e
Transmembrane receptor: G protein-coupled receptors
Class A: Rhodopsin like
Acetylcholine (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5) - Adrenergic (α1 (A, B, D), α2 (A, B, C), β1, β2, β3) - Adrenomedullin - Anaphylatoxin (C3a, C5a) - Angiotensin (1, 2) - Apelin - Bile acid - Bombesin (BRS3, GRPR, NMBR) - Bradykinin (B1, B2) - Cannabinoid (CB1, CB2) - Chemokine - Cholecystokinin (A, B) - Dopamine (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) - Eicosanoid (CysLT (1, 2), LTB4 (1, 2), FPRL1, OXE, Prostaglandin ((DP (1, 2), EP (1, 2, 3, 4), PGF, Prostacyclin, Thromboxane) - EBI2 - Endothelin (A, B) - Estrogen - Formyl peptide (1, L1, L2) - Free fatty acid (1, 2, 3, 4) - FSH - Galanin (1, 2, 3) - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (1, 2) - GPR (1, 3, 4, 6, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39, 42, 44, 45, 50, 52, 55, 61, 62, 63, 65, 68, 75, 77, 78, 79, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 92, 101, 103, 119, 120, 132, 135, 139, 141, 142, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 160, 161, 162, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177, 182) - Ghrelin - Histamine (H1, H2, H3, H4) - Kisspeptin - Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin - Lysophospholipid (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) - MAS (1, 1L, D, E, F, G, X1, X2, X3, X4) - Melanocortin (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) - MCHR (1, 2) - Melatonin (1A, 1B)- Motilin - neuromedin (B, U (1, 2)) - Neuropeptide (B/W (1, 2), FF (1, 2), S, Y (1, 2, 4, 5)) - Neurotensin (1, 2) - Opioid (Delta, Kappa, Mu, Nociceptin, but not Sigma) - Olfactory - Opsin (3, 4, 5, 1LW, 1MW, 1SW, RGR, RRH) - Orexin (1, 2) - Oxytocin - Oxoglutarate - PAF - Prokineticin (1, 2) - Prolactin-releasing peptide - Protease-activated (1, 2, 3, 4) - Purinergics (Adenosine (A1, A2a, A2b, A3), P2Y, (1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14)) - Relaxin (1, 2, 3, 4) - Somatostatin (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) - Serotonin, all but 5-HT3 (5-HT1 (A, B, D, E, F), 5-HT2 (A, B, C), 5-HT (4, 5A, 6, 7)) - SREB - Succinate - TAAR (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9) - Tachykinin (1, 2, 3) - Thyrotropin - Thyrotropin-releasing hormone - Urotensin-II - Vasopressin (1A, 1B, 2)
Class B: Secretin like
Class C: Metabotropic
glutamate / pheromone
Calcium-sensing receptor - GABA B (1, 2) - Glutamate receptor (Metabotropic glutamate (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)) - GPRC6A - GPR (156, 158, 179) - RAIG (1, 2, 3, 4) - Taste receptors (TAS1R (1, 2, 3) TAS2R (1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50))
Frizzled / Smoothened
Frizzled (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) - Smoothened