Merry Men

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The Merry Men are the group of outlaws who follow Robin Hood, according to English folklore. An early use of the phrase "merry men" occurs in the oldest known Robin Hood ballad, "Robin Hood and the Monk",^[1] which survives in a manuscript completed around 1450.^[2] The word "merry" in this and other ballads is probably used in the archaic sense meaning "companion or follower of an… outlaw".^[3] The early ballads give specific names to only three of Robin's companions, Little John, Much the Miller's Son, and William Scarlock or Scathelock, the Will Scarlet of later tradions. Joining them are between 20 and "seven score" (140) outlawed yeomen.

The most prominent of the Merry Men is Robin's second in command, Little John. He appears in the earliest ballads, and is mentioned in even earlier sources, such as Andrew of Wyntoun's Orygynale Chronicle of around 1420 and Walter Bower's expansion of the Scotichronicon, completed around 1440. Later ballads name additional Merry Men, some of whom appear in only one or two ballads, while others, like the minstrel Alan-a-Dale and the jovial Friar Tuck, became fully attached to the legend. Several of the Robin Hood ballads tell the story of how individual Merry Men join the group; this is frequently accomplished by defeating Robin in a duel.

[edit] Named Merry Men

Name	Original crime	(Former) occupation
Little John	?	?
Maid Marian	Refusing Prince John's sexual advances.	noblewoman
Friar Tuck	Being in contempt of church authority.	friar
Alan-a-Dale	Illegally contracting Robin Hood.	minstrel
Much the Miller's Son	Poaching the king's deer.	poacher
Will Scarlet	Murdering his father's steward.	landholder
Arthur a Bland	Poaching the king's deer.	tanner (poacher)
David of Doncaster	Winning a wrestling match (as a foreigner).	wrestler
Will Stutely	Aiding and abetting Robin Hood.	steward
Reynold Greenleaf	?	?

• Little John, Robin's lieutenant. Later stories depict him as a huge man who joins the band after fighting Robin with quarterstaves over a river.
• Much the Miller's Son. A grown man and a seasoned fighter in the early ballads, later stories depict him as one of the youngest of the Merry Men.
• Will Scarlet, another very early companion, appearing in ballads like "A Gest of Robyn Hode". In "Robin Hood and the Newly Revived" he is a skilled swordsman and Robin's nephew.
• Arthur a Bland, who appears in only one ballad, "Robin Hood and the Tanner." He is an accused poacher who bests Robin in a fight and joins the band.
• David of Doncaster, who appears in only "Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow". He warns Robin against going to the Sheriff of Nottingham's archery contest, because it is a trap. In his novel The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood, Howard Pyle identified David with the anonymous wrestler in "A Gest of Robyn Hode".
• Will Stutely appears in two ballads, "Robin Hood and Little John" and "Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutely". In the former, he gives Little John his outlaw name; in the latter, he must be rescued after he is caught spying by the Sheriff of Nottingham. He is occasionally confused with Will Scarlet.
• Friar Tuck, the resident clergyman of the band. Tuck developed separately from the Robin Hood tradition; similar characters appear in 15th and 16th century plays, and an early 15th century outlaw used the alias Friar Tuck.^[4] A fighting friar appears in the ballad "Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar", though he is not named. Robin and the friar engage in a battle of wits, which at one point involves the holy man carrying the outlaw across a river, only to toss him in. In the end, the friar joins the Merry Men. Later stories portray Tuck as more ale-loving and jovial than belligerent.
• Alan-a-Dale, a roving minstrel. He appears in the later ballad "Robin Hood and Allen a Dale", in which Robin helps him rescue his sweetheart, who is being forced into marriage with another man. Despite his relatively late appearance, he became a popular character in later versions.
• Maid Marian, Robin Hood's lover. Marian developed separately from the Robin Hood tradition; the medieval French play Jeu de Robin et Marion tells the story of the shepherdess Marian and the knight Robin, and is unrelated to Robin Hood. The medieval archetype of Marian became associated with English and Scottish May Day festivities, and was eventually associated with Robin Hood.^[5] She is the protagonist of the ballad "Robin Hood and Maid Marian" and is mentioned in "Robin Hood and Queen Katherine" and "Robin Hood's Golden Prize"; in "Maid Marian" she joins the Merry Men by fighting Robin to a draw while both are in disguise.^[6] In some Victorian literature she takes a more passive role as a noblewoman and Robin's desired, but this all but ended in the 20th century, as Marian resumed her role as a crossdressing tomboy and a capable fighter. She is depicted as such in the 1952 film The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men, the television series Robin of Sherwood, and the 1991 film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves; the children's comedy television series Maid Marian and her Merry Men takes this a step further by placing Marian in charge of the group. In the 2006 series Robin Hood, Marian works as a double agent, feeding Robin critical information about the Sheriff.
• Several modern adaptations add a member to the group who is a Moor or Saracen. This began with the 1984 – 1986 television series Robin of Sherwood, which included the character Nasir, a former hashshashin who joins the Merry Men. The character influenced the writers of 1991's Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, who included the Moor Azeem in the cast, played by Morgan Freeman. The 1993 Mel Brooks comedy Robin Hood: Men in Tights featured Dave Chapelle as Achoo, a parody of Freeman's Azeem comically depicted with modern African American mannerisms and speech. The 1997 – 1999 television series The New Adventures of Robin Hood featured Kemal, played by Hakim Alston, and the 2006 series Robin Hood introduced Djaq (Anjali Jay), with the added twist that the character is actually a young girl disguised as a boy.
• A few contemporary versions also feature a blind merry man, usually depicted as a former servant of Robin's before he became an outlaw. This character was probably first introduced in 1991's Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves under the name "Duncan" (where he was played by Walter Sparrow), who was parodied as "Blinkin" (Mark Blankfield) in the 1993 Mel Brooks comedy Robin Hood: Men in Tights.

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