Mercury mirror

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A mercury mirror is a dish with a layer of mercury on it. The dish is rotating so that the mercury assumes a parabolic shape. A parabolic shape is precisely the shape that the primary mirror of a telescope must have. Compared to a solid glass mirror that must be cast and ground and polished, a rotating mercury mirror is much cheaper to manufacture.

A telescope with a mercury mirror can only look straight up, so it is not suitable for investigations where the telescope must remain pointing at the same location of space (a possible exception to this rule may exist for a Mercury mirror space telescope, where the effect of earths gravity is replaced by artificial gravity, perhaps by rotating the telescope on a very long tether, or propelling it gently forward with rockets).

The rotating mercury assumes the parabolic shape regardless of the dish's shape. To reduce the amount of mercury needed, and thus weight, a rotating mercury mirror uses a dish that is as close to the necessary parabolic shape as possible.

Currently, the mercury mirror of the Large Zenith Telescope in Canada is the largest mercury mirror in operation. It has a diameter of 6 meters, and it rotates at a rate of about 6 revolutions per minute.

1 Explanation of the equilibrium
2 Dissipation of energy
3 See also
4 External links

[edit] Explanation of the equilibrium

In fluid mechanics, the state when no part of the fluid has motion relative to any other part of the fluid is called 'solid body rotation'. When the mercury mirror has reached a state of solid body rotation, then the dynamic equilibrium can be understood as a balance of two energies: gravitational potential energy, and rotational kinetic energy. When a fluid is in solid body rotation it is the lowest state of energy that is available, because in a state of solid body rotation there is no friction to dissipate any of the energy.

The force of gravity (red), the normal force (green), and the resultant force of those two (blue)

The dynamic equilibrium cannot be understood in terms of an equilibrium of forces, for when the mercury mirror is rotating, there is an unbalanced force acting on the mercury. The force of gravity is acting in vertical direction, the surface of the parabolic dish exerts a normal force on the mercury resting on it. The resultant force of those two provides the required centripetal force.

The following discussion is for the case of the mercury mirror as it is rotating in solid body rotation.

The kinetic energy of a parcel of mercury given by the formula:

$E_{kin.} = \frac{1}{2} m v^2$

In the case of circular motion the relation $v = ω r$ holds, hence

$E_{kin.} = \frac{1}{2} m \omega^2 r^2$

The gravitational potential energy is given by

E p o t . = m g h

where $g$ is the acceleration of gravity and $h$ is the height of the mercury's surface above some arbitrary elevation, for instance, we can set $h = 0$ to be the lowest mercury surface.

We set the potential energy equal to the kinetic energy to find the mirror's shape:

$h = \frac{1}{2 g} \omega^2 r^2$

which is, by definition, a parabola.

[edit] Dissipation of energy

To understand the dynamics of energy it is also helpful to consider what happens when the operators of the mercury mirror stop driving the dish, in order to replace the mercury.

Let the rotating dish not be driven anymore, and let a gentle braking force be applied to the rotating dish. Friction between the dish and the mercury will tend to reduce the rotation rate of the mercury. As the mercury sags to the center, gravitational potential energy is converted to rotational kinetic energy. The conversion of potential energy tends to sustain the angular velocity. More precisely: when the mercury is giving in to the centripetal force, the centripetal force is doing work. The total amount of energy that must dissipate is the rotational kinetic energy plus the gravitational potential energy.

[edit] See also

Mercury glass, a variety of reflective products having the element mercury sandwiched between two glass panes
Mercury silvering, a technique to apply a thin layer of a precious metal to a base metal object