Megalyridae
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Carminator |
Megalyroidea is a small Hymenopteran superfamily that includes a single family, Megalyridae, with 8 genera (plus 3 extinct ones) and at least 45 extant species. Modern megalyrids are found mostly in areas of relict primary tropical forests, and there are very few New World representatives. The most abundant and species rich megalyrid fauna is in Australia. Another peak of diversity appears to be in the relict forests of Madagascar, but most of these species are still undescribed.
Historically there has been much confusion about the definition of this family. Species now placed in Megalyridae have in the past been classified into as many as six other families (Braconidae, Evaniidae, Ichneumonidae, Stephanidae, as well as Dinapsidae and Maimetshidae, the latter two both now considered ranks within the Megalyridae).
The best defining feature, unique to the family, is that the mesothoracic spiracle has moved, and is actually located in the upper corner of the pronotum, though this is a fairly obscure feature to see. Perhaps the most useful visible character is that the base of the antenna fits into a wide concave groove below the eye, though a few other wasp families exhibit this trait. Females of Megalyra have ovipositors ranging from 5-8 times the body length, but this is not true of the other genera.
The largest known megalyrid is the female of the Australian Megalyra shuckardi, with a body length of 22 mm and ovipositor length of 82 mm. The smallest known megalyrid is the Brazilian Cryptalyra plaumanni, with a body length of 2.9 mm and ovipositor 1 mm long.
Megalyrid wasps are thought to be idiobiont endoparasitoids of concealed insect larvae. One Australian species, Megalyra troglodytes, attacks the larvae of Arpactophilus mimi, a mud-nesting crabronid wasp. Oviposition habits of Megalyridae are regarded as quite primitive, with field observations suggesting that they simply poke their ovipositor into pre-existing cavities, holes, or cracks, rather than drilling into the substrate as in other Apocrita.
[edit] References
Shaw, S. R. (1990). Phylogeny and biogeography of the parasitoid wasp family Megalyridae (Hymenoptera). Journal of Biogeography 17:569-581.
