Maze (HM Prison)

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Her Majesty's Prison Maze
Location: Maze, Lisburn, Northern Ireland
Status: Demolished
Security class: High Security
Capacity: Variable
Opened: 1 March 1976
Closed: 29 September 2000
Managed by: Northern Ireland Prison Service

HM Prison Maze (known colloquially as The H Blocks, Long Kesh, or The Maze or in Irish as Ceis Fada) was a prison used to house paramilitary prisoners during the Northern Ireland Troubles.

It is in the former Royal Air Force station at Long Kesh near Lisburn, nine miles outside Belfast, in County Down, Northern Ireland. The prison and its inmates have played a prominent role in recent Irish history, notably in the 1981 Irish Hunger Strike. The prison was closed in 2000 and razing began on 30 October 2006.

Contents

[edit] Background

The entrance to Compound 19, which during internment, was commanded by Gusty Spence-a Ulster Volunteer Force commander.
The entrance to Compound 19, which during internment, was commanded by Gusty Spence-a Ulster Volunteer Force commander.

Following the introduction of internment in 1971 "Operation Demetrius" was implemented by the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) and British Army with raids for 452 suspects on August 9, 1971. The police and army arrested 342 republicans, but key Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) members had been tipped off and 104 of those arrested were released when it emerged they had no paramilitary connections.[1] Those behind Operation Demetrius were accused of bungling, by arresting many of the wrong people and using out of date information. Later, some loyalists were also arrested. By 1972 there were 924 internees and by the end of internment on 5 December 1975 1,981 people had been detained; 1,874 of whom were Catholic and 107 Protestants.[2]

The personnel gate to the main guard office.
The personnel gate to the main guard office.

Initially the internees were housed, with different paramilitary groups separated from each other, in Nissen huts at a disused RAF airfield that became the Long Kesh Detention Centre. The internees and their supporters agitated for improvements in their conditions and status; they saw themselves as political prisoners rather than common criminals. In July 1972 William Whitelaw introduced Special Category Status for those sentenced for crimes relating to the civil violence. There were 1,100 Special Category prisoners at that time.

"Special Category" status for convicted paramilitary-linked criminals gave them the same privileges previously available only to internees. These privileges included free association between prisoners, extra visits, food parcels and the right to wear their own clothes rather than prison uniforms (Crawford 1979).

However, Special Category Status was short-lived. As part of the government's policy of "criminalisation", and coinciding with the end of internment, the new Secretary of State, Merlyn Rees, ended Special Category Status from March 1, 1976. Those convicted of scheduled terrorist offences after that date were housed in the eight new "H-Blocks" that had been constructed at Long Kesh, now officially named HM Prison Maze. Existing prisoners remained in separate compounds and retained their Special Category status with the last prisoner to hold this status released in 1986. Some prisoners changed from being Special Category prisoners to being common criminals within the space of several hours; Brendan Hughes, an IRA prisoner, had been imprisoned with Special Category Status in Cage 11 but was alleged to have been involved in a fight with warders. He was taken to court and convicted then returned to the jail as a common prisoner and incarcerated in the H-Blocks as an ordinary prisoner - all within the space of several hours.[3]

[edit] H-Blocks

Prisoners convicted of terrorist offences after March 1, 1976 were housed in the eight new "H-Blocks" that had been constructed at Long Kesh, now officially HM Prison Maze. Prisoners without Special Category status began protesting for its return immediately after they were transferred to the H-Blocks. Their first act of defiance, initiated by Kieran Nugent was to refuse to wear the prison uniforms, stating that convicted criminals wear uniforms, not political prisoners. Not allowed their own clothes, they wrapped themselves in bedsheets. Prisoners participating in the protest were "on the blanket". By 1978 more than 300 men had joined the protest. The British Government refused to yield. Prison guards soon refused to let the blanket protesters use the toilets without proper uniforms. The prisoners refused, and instead began to defecate within their own cells, smearing excrement on the walls. This began the "Dirty protest". But again the new 1979 government of Margaret Thatcher stood firm.

[edit] Hunger strike

Main article: 1981 Irish hunger strike

Republicans outside the prison took the battle to the media and both sides fought for public support. Inside the prison the prisoners took another step and organised a hunger strike.

A view along the corridor of one of the wings of H4.
A view along the corridor of one of the wings of H4.

On October 27, 1980, seven Republican prisoners refused food and demanded political status. Thatcher's Conservative government did not initially give in. In December they called off the hunger strike when the government appeared to concede their demands. However, the government immediately reverted to their previous stance, confident the prisoners would not start another strike. Bobby Sands, the leader of the Provisional IRA prisoners, and members of the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) began a second action on March 1, 1981. Outside the prison in a major publicity coup, Sands was nominated for Parliament and won the Fermanagh & South Tyrone by-election, 1981 (April). But the British government was still resisting and on May 5, after 66 days on hunger strike, Sands died. More than 100,000 people attended Bobby Sands's funeral in Belfast. Another nine hunger strikers died by the end of August before the hunger strike was called off in October. The British government effectively conceded to the prisoners' demands over the next few months, granting them Political Status in everything but name.

[edit] Breakouts and attempted breakouts

See also: Maze Prison escape

On September 25, 1983, the Maze suffered the largest break-out of prisoners from a British prison. 38 prisoners hijacked a prison meals lorry and smashed their way out. Two prison officers died in the incident. James Ferris, died of a heart attack while being held captive at knifepoint and another officer was stabbed to death. In addition another five officers were injured. Nineteen of the prisoners were soon recaptured, but the remainder escaped.

In March 1997, an IRA escape attempt was foiled when a 40ft underground tunnel was found. The tunnel, which was fitted with electric lighting, led from H-block 7 and was only 80ft short of the perimeter wall.

In December 1997, IRA prisoner Liam Averill escaped from the prison dressed as a woman during a Christmas party for prisoners' children.[4]

[edit] Organisation

Over the 1980s the British government slowly introduced changes, granting what some would see as political status in all but name. Republican and loyalist prisoners were housed according to group. They organised themselves along military lines and exercised wide control over their respective H-Blocks. The Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) leader Billy Wright was killed in December 1997 by Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) prisoners.

[edit] Peace process

The prisoners also played a significant role in the Northern Ireland peace process. On January 9, 1998, the British Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Mo Mowlam, paid a surprise visit to the prison to talk to members of the Ulster Defense Association/Ulster Freedom Fighters (UDA/UFF) including Johnny Adair and Michael Stone. They had voted for their political representatives to pull out of talks. Shortly after Mowlam's visit, they changed their minds, allowing their representatives to continue talks that would lead to the Good Friday Agreement of April 10, 1998. Afterwards, the prison was emptied of its paramilitary prisoners as the groups they represented agreed to the ceasefire. In the two years following the agreement, 428 prisoners were released. On September 29, 2000, the remaining four prisoners at Maze were transferred to other establishments in Northern Ireland and the Maze prison was closed.

[edit] Future

A monitoring group was set up on 14 January 2003 to debate the future of the 360 acre site. With close motorway and rail links, there were many proposals including a museum; a multi-purpose sports stadium and an office, hotel and leisure village. In January 2006 the government unveiled a masterplan [5] for the site incorporating many of these proposals, including a 45,000 seat national multi-sport stadium for football, rugby and Gaelic Games. This proposal has raised concerns among sports fans, particularly Rugby and Football fans and online petitions such as the one at Stadium For Belfast have been created to run alongside fan surveys. More detailed information can be found on the official website.

In October 2006, demolition work started in preparation for construction on the site.

Discussion is still ongoing as to the listed status of sections of the old prison. The hospital and part of the H-Blocks are currently listed buildings, and would remain as part of the proposed site redevelopment as a "conflict transformation centre" with support from Republicans such as Martin McGuinness and opposition from Unionists like Nigel Dodds [6]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Coogan, Tim Pat. (1995) The Troubles: Ireland's ordeal 1966-1996 and the search for peace London: Hutchinson (p. 126)
  2. ^ University of Ulster's CAIN archive
  3. ^ Bobby Sands:Nothing but An Unfinished Song, Denis O'Hearn (2006), Pluto Books. ISBN 0-7453-2572-6
  4. ^ 'Re-arrest escaped IRA killer' - BBC News, 2000
  5. ^ "First peek at Maze masterplan", BBC News, 2006-01-30. Retrieved on 2006-10-18. 
  6. ^ "FMaze must keep status: McGuinness", BBC News, 2007-07-07. Retrieved on 2007-07-10. 
  • Crawford, Colin. 1979. "Long Kesh: an alternative perspective."

[edit] External links

Coordinates: 54°29′19″N, 6°6′27″W