User:Maxcrc/Africa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The following table lists records of extreme temperature in territories of Africa.
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ Bulletin Mensuel 1945, Algérie du Nord, Institut de Météorologie et de Physique du Globe de l’Algérie, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 24 January 2007. This reading has been questioned for possible overexposure.
- ^ Temperatures between 53°C and 57°C have been reported from various places in Algeria including Tindouf, Timimoun, Ouargla (Warqlā) and Touggourt but none was recorded under standard conditions.
- ^ Elementos Meteorológicos e Climatológicos Angola 1947, Colonia de Angola, Serviço Meteorológico, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 25 January 2007.
- ^ Anais Meteorológicos das Colónias Relativos a 1942, Direcção Geral de Fomento Colonial, Serviço Meteorológico, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 25 January 2007.
- ^ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedFR_1959 - ^ Annales des Services Météorologique de la France d’Outre-Mer, Année 1959, Ministère la France d’Outre-Mer, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. This record , along with some temperatures of that month April 1952,has to be considered suspicious. Next highest temperature recorded in Benin, always at Kandi, was 43.9C on April 19th,1983.
- ^ Botswana’s Climate, Meteorological Services, Botswana. Retrieved 28 January 2007. An absolute old record of -15.0C claimed at Tshabong may be considered suspicious and likely taken under not proper conditions
- ^ This record is slightly suspicious, as may have been affected by overexposure. 42.2C was recorded at Ghanzi on February 25th,1983 and at Dikgatlong on December 20th,1949. A 43.9C at Ghanzi on February 25th 1922 and a 43.3C at Maun in November 1930 were likely affected by overexposure.A 43.9C at Gabarone in December 1948 was a type error (111F insted the correct 101F).A 44.4C claimed at Palapye in 1945 is wrong.42.6C also recorded at Tsabong was likely to be affected by overexpsoure.
- ^ Historical Weather: Diego Garcia, British Indian Ocean Territory, El Tiempo. Retrieved 22 April 2007.
- ^ 2.9°C reported from Banankeledara (Banankélédaga) near Bobo_Dioulasso, and 5.0°C reported from the same place in 1971 are probably unreliable.
- ^ a b c Climate Explorer, The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI). Retrieved 22 April 2007. Higher temperatures for Fada Ngourma and the capital Ouagadougou of 48C were recorded in the first half of the XIX century with not proper instruments.
- ^ This reading was recorded in an Agro Station and the instrument used could be slightly overexposed.
- ^ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedMeteoFrance - ^ a b Knox, Alexander (1911). The Climate of the Continent of Africa. The University Press.
- ^ -2.7°C has been recorded on the summit of Fako Peak, Mount Cameroon.
- ^ http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/php/suche_db.php?suchname=Kamerun. There are some doubts about the correct exposure of the instrument used. Lately, 45.9C were recorded at Maroua in May 1937.
- ^ A low temperature of -21C was recorded near the Teide Peak in a sinkhole called Canada de la Grieta in 1912.
- ^ a b c Instituto Nacional de Meteorología (España)
- ^ Anais Meteorológicos das Colónias, Relativos a 1943, Ministérios das Colónias, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 4 February 2007.
- ^ Higher records taken at higher elevation as high as 40C are not believed to be reliable. Many other readings are errors. A record of 38.0 at Santa Maria,Sal Island,credited by some fonts,in September 1981 is believed to be incorrect.
- ^ Annales des Services Météorologiques de la France d’Outre-Mer, Année 1956, Ministère la France d’Outre-Mer, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 5 February 2006. This temperature is highly questioned and not supported by nearby stations. Next lowest reading is 4.2C , always at Birao
- ^ Historical Weather: Birao, Central African Republic, El Tiempo. Retrieved 4 February 2007
- ^ Low temperatures recorded in the early 50s were taken with not proper exposure conditions.Unofficial temperatures as low as -10C have been recorded in the Tibesti Mountains.
- ^ Notes:Temperatures recorded in 1952 of 49.7C were taken with dubious exposure conditions.Generally speaking, Chad has not many stations for its huge area and most of old data was taken with not proper exposure conditions. Moreover, many stations have incomplete data due to civil wars, therefore real Chadian extremes are potentially more extremes than highest/lowest temperatures recorded in standard conditions.
- ^ Annales des Services Météorologiques de la France d’Outre-Mer, Année 1954, Ministère la France d’Outre-Mer, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 29 October 2006.
- ^ Republic of Congo Meteoreological Services. A temperature of 41.0C given at Ouesso in 1950 is to be considered recorded with fautly instruments.
- ^ Temperatures as low as -4C have been reported in the Katanga Highlands
- ^ GSOD Data for Man.
- ^ Higher temperatures recorded in early 40s were taken under not proper exposure conditions.
- ^ Résumé Mensuel de Temps 1964, Côte Française des Somalis, Service Météorologique, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 17 February 2007.
- ^ a b The Djibouti Serpent data might be affected by overirradiation.Temperatures as high as 52.3C were extrapolated for the Lac Assal (Lake Asal).
- ^ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedFR_1952 - ^ Temperatures of -15°C have been reported at high altitude on Jabal Katrīnah (Mount Catherine) Janub Sina' (Southern Sinai) governorate.
- ^ NCDC Rescue Data for Egypt Year 1961. Readings of 51.0C and 50.6C at Aswan in the first half of the century were taken under not proper exposure conditions, at only 1.3 meter from the ground with a not ventilated shelter.
- ^ Isla de Bioko, La Web Cultural de Guinea Ecuatorial. Retrieved 24 February 2007. Temperatures as low as 4C have been reported on the top of Basile Peak, although it is believed they can drop to the freezing point in the coldest nights.
- ^ Numerous readings below zero reported in Eritrea specially between 1989 and 1990 are mostly errors with the sign minus (-) added wrongly in positive temperatures.
- ^ A record of 49.1C reported at Nokra was likely taken with not proper instruments.
- ^ [wcuvax1.wcu.edu/~strauss/personal/weather/dallolweather.xls Dallol Weather], Bob Strauss, WCU. Retrieved 8 July 2007. Temperatures are believed to reach 51C in some desertic areas.
- ^ Data excludes [[Adelie_Land|Adélie Land on the Antarctic mainland.
- ^ Annales des Services Météorologiques de la France d’Outre-Mer, Année 1953, Ministère la France d’Outre-Mer, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 5 February 2006.
- ^ Géographie et Cartographie du Gabon: Climatologie, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD). Retrieved 7 March 2007.
- ^ The instrument at Tchibanga is quite questioned about its reliability and the transmissions are not complete and sometimes possibly faulty. Previous highest temperature in Gabon was recorded at Mouila in February 1961. Higher readings recorded at Libreville and Lambarene in the begin of the XIX century were taken under not standard exposure conditions.
- ^ Tables of Temperature, Relative Humidity and Precipitation for the World. Great Britain Meteorological Office (1958-1967). Lowest temperatures recorded in early Xx century in the inlands desert as low as 4.4C were taken under not proper exposure conditions.
- ^ Data for some Gambian stations is scarce and higher temperatures may have been recorded at Fatoto when the stations was out of work. Data from Kuntaur is not reliable and it has not been taken into account.
- ^ Lowest temperatures recorded at Bui of 6.6C and at Kumasi of 7.2C are to be considered unofficial.
- ^ Climatology, Ghana Meteorological Services Department. Retrieved 23 February 2007.
- ^ Quelques Records en Guinée, Météorologie Nationale, République de Guinée. Retrieved 23 February 2007
- ^ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedFR_1951 - ^ Boké reported a temperature of 46.5°C on 8 March 1938 and other readings above 43C but all them are wrong data.
- ^ Resultados das observações meteorológicas, 1961, Serviço Meteorológico da Guiné, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 23 February 2007.
- ^ Resultados das observações meteorológicas, Março de 1969, Serviço Meteorológico da Guiné, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 23 February 2007.
- ^ This temperature was taken with a simple thermometer, therefore it needs to be regarded as not official. +1.1C was recorded in Eldoret town. Temperatures of -19°C have been reported near the top of Kirinyaga (Mount Kenya), and -11°C has been reported at 4200m in the Teleki Valley on the slopes of the mountain.
- ^ Historical Weather: Wajir, Kenya, El Tiempo. Retrieved 13 March 2007. Temperatures can exceed 43C in the northern desertic plains.
- ^ http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/lesnc1.pdf. The readings is also found in some sources rounded at -21C.
- ^ The reading is also reported (probably rounded) at 38.5C.
- ^ Temperatures of 10°C are reached in the Wologizi Mountains.
- ^ Climatology of Liberia, Monthly Weather Review Vol.34, No.11, p.521., NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
- ^ a b c McWhirter, Norris (1976). The Guinness Book of Answers. Guinness Superlatives. ISBN 0900424702. Very low readings recorded at Tacchedirt were taken under terrible exposure condtions with very faulty instruments.
- ^ The recording of 58.0°C at Al Azizia was due to terrible exposure conditions and it is believed to be overestimated by at least 10°C.
- ^ Résumé Mensuel du Temps à Madagascar, 1963, Météorologie Nationale, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 24 February 2007.
- ^ Résumé Mensuel du Temps à Madagascar, 1964, Météorologie Nationale, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 24 February 2007.
- ^ -16°C has been reported from high altitude in the Andringitra Mountains Fianarantsoa province in 1995.
- ^ http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/mdgnc1.pdf Communication Nationale Initiale de Madagascar], United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved 13 July 2007.
- ^ 46.5°C reported from Tranoroa Toliara provincein November 1936 is to be considered suspicious.
- ^ An old record of 39.4C was likely taken under not proper exposure conditions.
- ^ Unofficial report of temperatures as lo as -12C has been claimed around Chelinda.
- ^ Department of Meteorological Services, Malawi
- ^ Readings above 49C recorded at Menaka in June 2008 are believed to be wrong. Several other readings above 48C earlier in the XX century were taken with not proper exposure conditions. A reading of 48.3C at Niouro du Sahel on April 26th,2003 was likely a transmission or synoptical error. Many other higher readings such as 52C at Menaka, 48.5C at Tessalit not to say the absurde temperatures up tp 54C at Araouane were taken under terrible exposure conditions.
- ^ a b Mauritius Meteorological Services.
- ^ A temperature of 0.0C recorded on December 16th,1962 is quite suspicious for a possibel error in the metar of 8am and it has been dropped by Mauritania Meteorological Office.
- ^ Alioune Diagne, climatologist from Mauritania. This reading may have been affected by overexposure.A reading of 50.0C was also claimed at Moudjeria in May 1912 but the instrument used is believed to have been highly overexposed.
- ^ Many other readings exceeding 49C at Marrakech, Ouarzarzate, Zagora, etc,... were recorded under terrible exposure conditions.
- ^ a b Boletim Mensual das Observações Meteorológicas 1956, Organizado Pelo Serviço Meteorológico, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 29 October 2006.
- ^ Temperatures between 48°C and 49°C reported from various places in Mozambique between 1940 and 1955 are believed to be unreliable.
- ^ Bilma recorded -3.0C in January 1937, but the exposure conditions in those years in the Bilma station don't allow that record to be considered reliable.
- ^ 48.5C recorded at Tillabery in May 1939 and other old data was taken with not proper exposure conditions.
- ^ Unofficial temperatures just above freezing have been recorded in an experimental station near the town of Vom,in the Plateau State.
- ^ These records may be affected by slight overexposure.A reading f 48.9C at Dumjeri in April 1906 was taken under not proper exposure conditions.
- ^ http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/#.
- ^ 2003, année record pour les températures à La Réunion, Témoignages. Retrieved 23 February 2007.
- ^ http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd013_pdf/003EF8F6.pdf Mitteilungen aus den Deutschen Schutzgebieten, Wissenschaftliche Beihefte zum Deutschen Kolonialblatte], NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 22 April 2007.
- ^ Rwanda Meteorological Services
- ^ Temperatures are believed to approach 38°C in the Nyagatare and Bugesera districts.
- ^ A reading of 35.0C also claimed at the Wiki Airfield is wrong.
- ^ Anais Meteorológicos das Colónias Relativos a 1942, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 25 January 2007.
- ^ Temperatures of 5°C have been reported at high altitude on São Tomé.
- ^ Historical Weather: Matam, Senegal, El Tiempo. Retrieved 29 April 2007. Other readings without decimals given by some hourly metars of 49C are considered unreliable.
- ^ Biogeography and Ecology of the Seychelles Islands. Lower temperatures have been recorded at Le Misere at few hundreds meters a.s.l., nevertheless temperatures have been kept for only few months.
- ^ Farrow, G.E. (1971). The Climate of Aldabra Atoll. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B Vol 260, No 836, pp67-91.
- ^ Klimadatenbank - Klimatabelle für Makene, wetter.com. Retrieved 16 July 2007.
- ^ 4.4°C reported from Musaia appears unreliable.
- ^ A temperature of 43.9°C reported from Kabala is suspicious,as for the 40C reported at Musaia.
- ^ Old data taken during italian colonization were taken with not proper instruments. Modern record for Somalia, always recorded at Bosaso, is 44.7C on May 31st 2006.
- ^ -3.3°C reported from Ceerigaabo (Erigavo) is probably unreliable, although temperatures are believed to fall below 0°C in the northern highland areas.
- ^ Historical Weather: Berbera, Somalia, El Tiempo. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
- ^ [httphttp://www.dispatch.co.za/2005/07/02/editoria/chiel.html The Chiel], The Daily Dispatch. Retrieved 16 July 2007.
- ^ Temperatures as high as 51.7°C have been reported in South Africa but none are believed to be reliable.
- ^ http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/sudan/sudan.htm. Southern Sudan lowest temperature is 0.6C recorded at El Fasher.
- ^ 49.7C was also recorded in the Dongola province and it may be considered as the unofficial record..Lowest and highest temperatures recorded at Wadi Halfa at the begin of the XX century were taken under terrible exposure conditions.Southern Sudan highest temperature is 46.2C recorded at Kosti on April 25th ,2002.
- ^ Report for the Years 1931-1932, Union of South Africa Meteorological Office, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 27 March 2007.
- ^ Mitteilungen aus den Deutschen Schutzgebieten, Wissenschaftliche Beihefte zum Deutschen Kolonialblatte, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 21 April 2007.
- ^ -22°C has been recorded from high altitude near the summit of Kilimanjaro.
- ^ The official highest temperature in Tanzania is 39.8C recorded on February 10th, 1999 in the northern Dodoma region area. The 39.4C record can be considered the highest temperature recorded in Tanzania in the international circuit.
- ^ Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten, Fünfundzwanzigster Band, 1912, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 16 July 2007.
- ^ Wetterzentrale.Highest temperatures of 44.4C recorded at Sansanne Mango are wrong data.
- ^ Historical Weather: El Borma, Tunisia, El Tiempo. Retrieved 25 April 2007.
- ^ Temperatures up to 55°C have been reported from the desert areas of Tunisia but these they were all taken under terrible exposure conditions.
- ^ -7.7°C has been reported from high altitude on Ruwenzori.
- ^ Summary of Meteorological Observations for 1953. Part III: Uganda, East African Meteorological Department. Retrieved 25 April 2007.
- ^ This reading of 40.1°C ,although official in Uganda,is suspicious and could have been taken under not proper exposure conditions.Next highest reading in Uganda is 39.4C recorded at Kitgum on March 15th,1953.
- ^ Zambia Institute of Meteorology
- ^ A temperature of 47C at Beitbridge is a wrong data.
