Mauritius
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| Republic of Mauritius République de Maurice |
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| Motto: "Stella Clavisque Maris Indici" (Latin) "Star and Key of the Indian Ocean" |
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| Anthem: Motherland |
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| Capital (and largest city) |
Port Louis |
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| Official languages | English1 | |||||
| Recognised regional languages | Mauritian Creole, French, Hindi, Urdu, Tamil, Chinese (Mandarin), Telugu, Mauritian Bhojpuri | |||||
| Demonym | Mauritian | |||||
| Government | Parliamentary republic | |||||
| - | President | Anerood Jugnauth | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Navinchandra Ramgoolam | ||||
| Independence | from the United Kingdom | |||||
| - | Date | March 12, 1968 | ||||
| - | Republic | March 12, 1992 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 2,040 km² (179th) 787 sq mi |
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| - | Water (%) | 0.05 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2007 estimate | 1,264,866 2 (151st) | ||||
| - | Density | 616/km² (18th) 1,564/sq mi |
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| GDP (PPP) | 2006 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $16.0 billion (119th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $13,703 (51st) | ||||
| HDI (2004) | ▲ 0.804 (high) (65th) | |||||
| Currency | Mauritian rupee (MUR) |
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| Time zone | MUT (UTC+4) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | not observed (UTC+4) | ||||
| Internet TLD | .mu | |||||
| Calling code | +230 | |||||
| 1 | [1][2] | |||||
| 2 | The population estimate is for the whole republic. For the island of Mauritius only, as at 31 December 2007, it is 1,227,078[3] | |||||
Mauritius (pronounced: IPA: /məˈrɪʃəs/; French: Île Maurice /mɔʁis/; Mauritian Creole: Maurice), officially the Republic of Mauritius, French: République de Maurice, is an island nation off the coast of the African continent in the southwest Indian Ocean, about 900 kilometres (560 mi) east of Madagascar. In addition to the island of Mauritius, the republic includes the islands of St. Brandon, Rodrigues and the Agalega Islands. Mauritius is part of the Mascarene Islands, with the French island of Réunion 200 km (125 mi) to the southwest and the island of Rodrigues 570 km to the northeast.
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[edit] History
The first record of Mauritius comes from Dravidian and Malay sailors as early as the 10th century.[4] The Portuguese sailors first visited it in 1507 and established a visiting base leaving the island uninhabited. Three ships of the eight Dutch Second Fleet that were sent to the Spice Islands were blown off course during a cyclone and landed on the island in 1598, naming it in honour of Prince Maurice of Nassau, the Stadtholder of the Netherlands.[5] In 1638, the Dutch established the first permanent settlement. Because of tough climatic conditions including cyclones and the deterioration of the settlement, the Dutch abandoned the island some decades later. France, which already controlled the neighbouring Île Bourbon (now Réunion) seized Mauritius in 1715 and later renamed it Île de France (Isle of France). Under French rule, the island developed a prosperous economy based on sugar production. This economic transformation was initiated in part by governor François Mahé de Labourdonnais.
During their numerous military conflicts with Great Britain, the French harboured the outlawed "corsairs" (privateers or pirates) who frequently took British vessels as they sailed between India and Britain, laden with valuable trade goods. In the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) the British set out to gain control of the island. Despite winning the Battle of Grand Port, Napoleon's only naval victory over the British, the French lost to the British at Cap Malheureux three months later. They formally surrendered on 3 December 1810, on terms allowing settlers to keep their land and property and to use the French language and law of France in criminal and civil matters. Under British rule, the island's name reverted to the original Mauritius.
In 1965, the United Kingdom split the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius to create the British Indian Ocean Territory in order to use the strategic islands for defence purposes in co-operation with the United States. Although the Government of Mauritius agreed to the move at the time,[citation needed] subsequent administrations have laid claim to the islands stating that the divestment was illegal under international law, a claim recognised by the United Nations.[citation needed]
Mauritius attained independence in 1968 and the country became a republic within the Commonwealth in 1992. Mauritius has been a stable democracy with regular free elections and a positive human rights record,[6] and has attracted considerable foreign investment earning one of Africa's highest per capita incomes.[7]
[edit] Politics
Mauritius is a parliamentary democracy based on the United Kingdom model.[8] The head of state of Mauritius is the President, who is elected for a five-year term by the National Assembly, the unicameral Mauritian parliament. The National Assembly consists of 62 members elected directly by popular vote, with between four and eight further members appointed from "best losers" election candidates to represent ethnic minorities, if under represented after the elections. The government is headed by the prime minister and a council of ministers.
The Government is elected on a five-year basis. The most recent general elections took place on 3 July 2005 in all the 20 mainland constituencies, as well as the constituency covering the island of Rodrigues.
Historically, elections have always had a tendency to adhere to a system comprising two major coalitions of parties.
In international affairs, Mauritius is part of the Indian Ocean Commission, the Southern African Development Community and the Commonwealth of Nations and La Francophonie (French speaking countries) amongst others. A more complete list can be found in the main Politics of Mauritius article.
In 2006, Mauritius asked to be an observing member of Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) in order to become closer to those countries.[9]
[edit] Districts and dependencies
The island of Mauritius itself is divided into nine districts:
- Black River (Capital: Bambous)
- Flacq (Capital: Centre de Flacq)
- Grand Port (Capital: Mahebourg)
- Moka (Capital: Quartier Militaire)
- Pamplemousses (Capital: Triolet)
- Plaines Wilhems (Capital: Rose Hill/ Curepipe)
- Port Louis (Capital of Maurtius)
- Rivière du Rempart (Capital: Mapou)
- Savanne (Capital: Souillac)
Dependencies of Mauritius:
- Rodrigues, an island 560 kilometres north-east of Mauritius, which attained limited autonomy in October 2002.[10][11] Had the status of the 10th administrative district of Mauritius before autonomy was attained.[12]
- Agalega, two small islands about 933 kilometres (580 mi) north of Mauritius.
- Cargados Carajos Shoals, also known as the Saint Brandon islands, about 402 kilometres (250 mi) north of Mauritius.
Other Mauritian territories:
- Soudan Banks (including East Soudan Bank)
- Nazareth Bank
- Saya de Malha Bank
- Hawkins Bank
Mauritius also claims the following islands.[13]:
- In French possession: Tromelin Island
- In British possession: Chagos Archipelago
[edit] Geography
Together with Réunion and Rodrigues, Mauritius is part of the Mascarene Islands. This archipelago was formed in a series of undersea volcanic eruptions, as the African plate drifted over the Réunion hotspot. Mauritius and Rodrigues were formed 8-10 million years ago. They are no longer volcanically active, and the hotspot now rests under Réunion. The island of Mauritius itself is formed around a central plateau, with its highest peak in the southwest, Piton de la Petite Rivière Noire at 828 metres (2,717 ft). Around the plateau, the original crater can still be distinguished from several mountains.
The local climate is tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; there is a warm, dry winter from May to November and a hot, wet, and humid summer from November to May. Anti-cyclones affect the country during May to September. Cyclones affect the country during November-April. Hollanda (1994) and Dina (2002) were the worst two last cyclones to have affected the island.
The island's capital and largest city is Port Louis, in the northwest. Other important towns are Curepipe, Vacoas, Phoenix, Quatre Bornes, Rose-Hill and Beau-Bassin .
The island is well known for its natural beauty. Author Mark Twain, for example, noted in Following the Equator, his personal travelogue, "You gather the idea that Mauritius was made first and then heaven, and that heaven was copied after Mauritius".
[edit] Economy
Since independence in 1968, Mauritius has developed from a low-income, agriculturally based economy to a middle income diversified economy with growing industrial, financial, and tourist sectors. For most of the period, annual growth has been of the order of 5% to 6%. This has been reflected in increased life expectancy, lowered infant mortality and an improved infrastructure.
Estimated at US$10,155 for 2005 at purchasing power parity (PPP),[14] Mauritius has the seventh-highest GDP per capita in Africa, behind Réunion (US$19,233 at real exchange rates),[15], Seychelles (US$13,887 at PPP), Gabon (US$12,742 at PPP), Botswana (US$12,057 at PPP), Equatorial Guinea (US$11,999 at PPP), and Libya (US$10,727 at PPP).[14] The economy is mainly dependent on sugarcane plantations, tourism, textiles, and services, but other sectors are rapidly developing as well. Mauritius, Libya, and Seychelles are the only three African nations with a "high" Human Development Index rating (Réunion, as part of France, is not listed by the UN in their Human Development Index ranking).
Sugar cane is grown on about 90% of the cultivated land area and accounts for 25% of export earnings. However, a record-setting drought severely damaged the sugar crop in 1999. The government's development strategy centres on foreign investment. Mauritius has attracted more than 9,000 offshore entities; many aimed at commerce in India and South Africa while investment in the banking sector alone has reached over $1 billion. Economic performance during the period from 2000 through 2004 combined strong economic growth with unemployment at 7.6% in December 2004. France is the country's biggest trading partner, has close ties with the country, and provides technical assistance in various forms.
In order to provide locals with access to imports at lower prices and attract more tourists going to Singapore and Dubai, Mauritius is gearing towards becoming a duty-free island within the next four years. Duty has been eliminated for several products and decreased for more than 1850 products including clothing, food, jewelry, photographic equipment, audio visual equipment and lighting equipment.[16] In addition, reforms aimed at attracting new business opportunities have also been implemented. Recently, in the 2007-2008 budget, Finance Minister Rama Sithanen reduced the corporate tax to 15%[citation needed].
A plan by ADB Networks calls for Mauritius to become the first nation to have coast-to-coast wireless internet access. The wireless hot spot currently covers about 60% of the island and is accessible by about 70% of its population.
Mauritius ranks first in respect of FDI inflows to India amongst all the countries, with cumulative inflows amounting to US$10.98 billion. The top sectors attracting FDI inflows from Mauritius between January 2000 and December 2005 are electrical equipment, telecommunications, fuels, cement and gypsum products and services sector (financial and non-financial).[17]
[edit] Demographics
[edit] Ancestry
Mauritian society includes people from many different ethnic groups. A majority of the republic's residents are the descendants of people from the Indian subcontinent. Mauritius also contains substantial populations from continental Africa, Madagascar, France, Great Britain, and China, among other places.
The Indo-Mauritians (when the ethnic groups are combined) and Creoles (of African descent) are the predominant population. There are approximately 30,000 Mauritians of Chinese descent, from the Hakka, Mandarin, and Cantonese language groups. More than 90% of the Sino-Mauritian community are Roman Catholic[citation needed]., the remainder are largely Buddhist.
While there is a small population of British citizens living in Mauritius, most of whom have Mauritian nationality, few identify as being Mauritian. The term Anglo-Mauritian, a term which may include Mauritians living in the UK, is used unofficially.
Though the Franco-Mauritian group is small, it is the largest of the European ancestries on the island. They are usually upper-class citizens and form the wealthiest group of people on the island.
Small groups of foreign students from Europe or the Indian Ocean region are also present. Recent years have seen a steady flow of foreign workers into the textile industry (primarily Chinese women), the construction industry (primarily Indian workers), and harbour-related activities (primarily Taiwanese men). Immigration policy does not provoke much debate in Mauritius, and the relative economic stability of the island serves to attract foreign workers[citation needed].
[edit] Language
The official language of Mauritius is English. All government administrative documents are therefore drawn up in English. Together with English, French is also used in instruction in the educational system. French, however, predominates in the media, both broadcast and printed as well as with business and in corporate affairs. Although English is the official language of the island, A majority of the population can speak French fluently. American and other English-language movies and TV programmes shown in Mauritius are conventionally dubbed in French.
The most widely-spoken language of the country is Mauritian Creole, which has close ties with French pronunciation, but with a few marked differences - Creole does not contain some of the more deep and rounded consonants that French does. Mauritian Creole is considered the native tongue of the country. Creole was the language used by the African slaves to communicate with their French masters. Today, Creole is used in everyday life by all Mauritians. When Franco-Mauritians engage in conversations with Creole speakers, French is more commonly employed than Creole.
Hindi and Urdu also has numerous speakers in the country, although both are used mainly by the Indian community. Several other languages including Tamil, Telugu, Marathi, Bhojpuri, Gujarati, Punjabi and dialects of Chinese, such as Cantonese, Hakka and Mandarin, are also spoken by significant parts of the population. The earliest builders brought by the French were the Tamils of Indian origin, who were employed to build Port Louis, the capital. Subsequently, around hundred years later, laborers from other parts of British India were brought by the British. Arabic is taught in Mosques around Mauritius.
[edit] Religion
The largest religions of the republic are Hinduism (52%), Roman Catholicism (28%), Islam (16.6%), Buddhism (2.5%), Adventist Protestantism (2%) and Sikhism (0.3%). [18]
[edit] Culture
The cuisine of Mauritius is a blend of Creole, Chinese and European. It is common for a combination of cuisines to form part of the same meal. The "cari poule" or chicken curry, for example, is a very popular dish[citation needed]. Other common Mauritian dishes include the "dholl puri" (a type of bread, made from lentils) the "mine-frit" (Chinese fried noodle), and "niouk nien" (dumplings). A common Mauritian drink is "alouda", a milk-based drink containing basil seeds.
The production of rum is common throughout the island. Sugarcane was first introduced on the island when the Dutch colonised it in 1638. Even then, the propensity of making rum out of sugarcane was strongly recognised. Sugarcane was mainly cultivated for the production of "arrack", a precursor to rum. Only much later, after almost 60 years, the first proper sugar was produced.[citation needed] However, it was during the French and English administration that sugar production was fully exploited, which considerably contributed to the economical development of the island.[citation needed] It was Pierre Charles François Harel who in 1850 initially proposed the concept of local distillation of rum in Mauritius. In part due to his efforts, Mauritius today houses three distilleries (Grays, Medine and St Aubin) and is in the process of opening an additional three.[citation needed]
The sega is a local folklore music. Sega has African roots, and main traditional instruments for producing the music are goat-skin percussion instruments called ravane and metallic clicks using metal triangles. The songs usually describe the miseries of slavery, and has been adapted nowadays as social satires to voice out inequalities as felt by the blacks. Men are usually at the instruments while women perform an accompanying dance. Shows are regularly hosted in the coastal hotels.[citation needed]
In 1847, Mauritius became the fifth country in the world to issue postage stamps. The two types of stamps issued then, known as the Mauritius "Post Office" stamps, consisting of a Red Penny and Blue Two Pence denomination, are probably the most famous and valuable stamps in the world.
When discovered, the island of Mauritius was home to a previously unknown species of bird, which the Portuguese named the dodo (simpleton), as they appeared not too bright. However, by 1681, all dodos had been killed by settlers or their domesticated animals. An alternate theory suggests that the imported wild boar destroyed the slow breeding dodo population. Nevertheless, the dodo is prominently featured as a supporter of the national coat-of-arms (see above).
The island has also given rise to a diversified literature, prominent in French, English,and Creole[citation needed].
[edit] International rankings
| Organisation | Survey | Ranking |
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| Heritage Foundation/The Wall Street Journal | 2008 Index of Economic Freedom | 18 out of 157 |
| Reporters Without Borders | Press Freedom Index (2006) | 32 out of 168 |
| Transparency International | 2007 Corruption Perceptions Index 2007 | 53 out of 179 |
| United Nations Development Programme | Human Development Index 2006 | 65 out of 177 |
[edit] See also
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[edit] Miscellaneous topics
- Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport
- Air Mauritius - National Airline
- The Mauritius Scout Association
- The Mauritius Command - a novel by Patrick O'Brian
[edit] References
- ^ Republic of Mauritius, Government Portal (Mauritius).
- ^ The Constitution
- ^ Population and Vital Statistics, Republic of Mauritius, Year 2007 - Highlights. Central Statistics Office (Mauritius) (March 2008). Retrieved on 2008-05-26.
- ^ CIA - The World Factbook -- Mauritius. CIA. Retrieved on 2007-05-04.
- ^ Mutch, T. D. (1942). The First Discovery of Australia. Sydney: Project Gutenberg of Australia, 55., p.13.
- ^ Human Rights Committee Takes Up Report of Mauritius: Experts Praise Creation of National Human Rights Commission but Raise Concerns Regarding Anti-Terrorism Law, 18 March 2005 - retrieved 8 January 2007
- ^ CIA World Factbook: Mauritius Introduction
- ^ The Government And The Constitution
- ^ Mauritius and Equatorial Guinea granted associated observer status in CPLP. macauhub.com (2006-07-17). Retrieved on 2007-03-05.
- ^ First Day Cover: Rodrigues Regional Assembly. The Mauritius Post Ltd (2004-10-12). Retrieved on 2007-06-27.
- ^ Rodrigues: achievements after three years of autonomy. Government of Mauritius (2005-10-25). Retrieved on 2007-06-27.
- ^ Facts about the land, people, history, government, political conditions, economy, foreign relations of Mauritius. - Government and political conditions. Bureau of African Affairs. U.S Department of State (June 2007). Retrieved on 2007-06-22.
- ^ CIA - The World Factbook -- Mauritius. CIA. Retrieved on 2007-11-194.
- ^ a b World Bank. 2005 International Comparison Program. Retrieved on 2008-04-07.
- ^ (French) INSEE Réunion. 11.1 - RÉSULTATS ÉCONOMIQUES. Retrieved on 2008-04-07.
- ^ Duty-free plan in Mauritius, TREND-News.com, 04-06-2005
- ^ "Infrastructure:India -Mauritius To Work For Greater FDI Inflow", Indlaw Communications Pvt. Limited. (ICPL)., 2006-04-18. Retrieved on 2007-05-12.
- ^ Intute - World Guide - Mauritius
[edit] Further reading
- Dodd, Jan and Madeleine Philippe. Lonely Planet Mauritius Reunion & Seychelles. Lonely Planet Publications, 2004. ISBN 1-74059-301-4
- Lee, Jacques: Mauritius: Its Creole Language - The Ultimate Creole Phrase Book and Dictionary, Paperback 160 pages (August 15, 2005), Publisher: Nautilus, ISBN 0-9511296-4-3.
- Lee, Jacques: Sega: The Mauritian Folk Dance, Paperback 104 pages (December 1990), Publisher: Nautilus, ISBN 0-9511296-1-9
- Khal Torabully, Coolitude : An Anthology of the Indian Labour Diaspora (with Marina Carter, Anthem Press, London, 2002) ISBN 1843310031
[edit] External links
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Mauritius Portal |
| Find more about Mauritius on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Images and media |
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Learning resources |
- Government of Mauritius
- Mauritius at the Open Directory Project
- Wikia has a wiki on this subject: Mauritius
- Mauritius travel guide from Wikitravel
Wikimedia Atlas of Mauritius- Mauritius-Rodrigues history
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