Martin-Marietta X-24
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| X-24 | |
|---|---|
 The X-24B, the only "racehorse" lifting body to be flown. |
|
| Type | Lifting body |
| Manufacturer | Martin Marietta |
| Maiden flight | 17 April 1969 |
| Retired | 26 November 1975 |
| Status | Out of service |
| Primary user | U.S.Air Force NASA |
| Number built | 1 |
| Developed from | X-23 PRIME |
- This article is about the experimental aircraft. For the aeroplane engine, see X24 engine.
The X-24 was an experimental US aircraft developed from a joint USAF-NASA program named PILOT (1963-1975). It was designed and built to test lifting body concepts, experimenting with the concept of unpowered reentry and landing, later used by the Space Shuttle.[1]
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[edit] X-24A Development
The X-24 was one of a group of lifting bodies flown by the NASA Flight Research Center (now Dryden Flight Research Center) in a joint program with the U.S. Air Force at Edwards Air Force Base in California from 1963 to 1975. The lifting bodies were used to demonstrate the ability of pilots to maneuver and safely land wingless vehicles designed to fly back to Earth from space and be landed like an airplane at a predetermined site.
Lifting bodies’ aerodynamic lift, essential to flight in the atmosphere, was obtained from their shape. The addition of fins and control surfaces allowed the pilots to stabilize and control the vehicles and regulate their flight paths.
The X-24 was built by Martin Marietta and flown from Edwards AFB, California. The X-24A was the fourth lifting body design to fly, it followed the NASA M2-F1 in 1964, the Northrop HL-10 in (1966), the Northrop M2-F2 in 1968 and preceded the Northrop M2-F3 (1970).
The X-24A was a fat, short teardrop shape with vertical fins for control. It made its first, unpowered, glide flight on April 17, 1969 with Air Force Maj. Jerauld Gentry at the controls. Gentry also piloted its first powered flight on March 19, 1970. The craft was taken to around 45,000 feet (13.7 km) by a modified B-52 and then drop launched, then either glided down or used its rocket engine to ascend to higher altitudes before gliding down. The X-24A was flown 28 times at speeds up to 1,036 mph (1,667 km/h) and altitudes up to 71,400 feet (21.8 km).
[edit] X-24A Operational History
The X-24A was flown 28 times in the program that, like the HL-10, validated the concept that a Space Shuttle vehicle could be landed unpowered. The fastest speed achieved by the X-24A was 1,036 miles per hour (1667 km/h or Mach 1.6). Its maximum altitude was 71,400 feet (21.8 km) . It was powered by an XLR-11 rocket engine with a maximum theoretical vacuum thrust of 8,480 pounds force (37.7 kN).
The X-24A was modified into the more stable X-24B with an entirely different shape in 1972. The bulbous shape of the X-24A was converted into a "flying flatiron" shape with a rounded top, flat bottom, and double delta platform that ended in a pointed nose. It was the basis for the Martin SV-5J. The X-24A shape was later borrowed for the X-38 Crew Return Vehicle (CRV) technology demonstrator for the International Space Station.
- X-24A pilots
- Jerauld R. Gentry - 13 flights
- John A. Manke - 12 flights
- Cecil W. Powell - 3 flights
[edit] X-24B Development
The X-24B's design evolved from a family of potential reentry shapes, each with higher lift-to-drag ratios, proposed by the Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory. To reduce the costs of constructing a research vehicle, the Air Force returned the X-24A to the Martin Marietta Corporation (as Martin Aircraft Company became after a merger) for modifications that converted its bulbous shape into one resembling a "flying flatiron" -- rounded top, flat bottom, and a double delta planform that ended in a pointed nose.
First to fly the X-24B was John Manke, a glide flight on 1 August 1973. He was also the pilot on the first powered mission 15 November 1973.
[edit] X-24B Operational History
The X-24B demonstrated that accurate unpowered reentry vehicle landings were operationally feasible. Top speed achieved by the X-24B was 1,164 mph (1873 km/h) and the highest altitude it reached was 74,130 feet (22.59 km). The pilot on the last powered flight of the X-24B was Bill Dana, who also flew the last X-15 flight about seven years earlier.
Among the final flights with the X-24B were two precise landings on the main concrete runway at Edwards which showed that accurate unpowered reentry vehicle landings were operationally feasible. These missions were flown by Manke and Air Force Maj. Mike Love, and represented the final milestone in a program that helped write the flight plan for today's Space Shuttle program.
The X-24B was the last aircraft to fly in Dryden's Lifting Body program. The X-24B was flown 36 times.
The X-24B is on public display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio.
- X-24B pilots
- John A. Manke - 16 flights
- Michael V. Love - 12 flights
- William H. Dana - 2 flights
- Einar K. Enevoldson - 2 flights
- Thomas C. McMurtry - 2 flights
- Francis Scobee - 2 flights
[edit] X-24C
There were a variety of "X-24C" proposals floated between 1972 and 1978. Perhaps the most notable was a Lockheed Skunk Works design, which would use scramjets to reach a top speed of Mach 8.[2]
[edit] Serial number
- 66-13551
- X-24A, 28 free flights; 10 unpowered, 18 powered
- X-24B, 36 free flights; 12 unpowered, 24 powered
[edit] Specifications
[edit] X-24A
This aircraft article is missing some (or all) of its specifications. If you have a source, you can help Wikipedia by adding them.General characteristics
- Crew: one pilot
- Length: 24 ft 6 in (7.47 m)
- Wingspan: 11 ft 6 in (3.51 m)
- Height: 9 ft 7 in (2.92 m)
- Wing area: 195 ft² (18.1 m²)
- Empty weight: 6,360 lb (2,885 kg)
- Loaded weight: 10,700 lb (4,853 kg)
- Max takeoff weight: 11,447 lb (5,192 kg)
- Powerplant: 1× Reaction Motors Upgraded XLR-11 four-chamber rocket engine, 8,480 lbf (37.7 kN)
Performance
- Maximum speed: 1,036 mph (1,667 km/h)
- Range: 45 miles (72 km)
- Service ceiling 71,407 ft (21,763 m)
- Wing loading: 59 lb/ft² (288 kg/m²)
- Thrust/weight: 0.70
[edit] X-24B
This aircraft article is missing some (or all) of its specifications. If you have a source, you can help Wikipedia by adding them.General characteristics
- Crew: one pilot
- Length: 37 ft 6 in (11.43 m)
- Wingspan: 19 ft 0 in (5.79 m)
- Height: 9 ft 7 in (2.92 m)
- Wing area: 330 ft² (30.7 m²)
- Empty weight: 8,500 lb (3,855 kg)
- Loaded weight: 11,800 lb (5,350 kg)
- Max takeoff weight: 13,800 lb (6,260 kg)
- Powerplant: 1× Reaction Motors Upgraded XLR-11 four-chamber rocket engine, 8,480 lbf (37.7 KN)
Performance
- Maximum speed: 1,164 mph (1,873 km/h)
- Range: 45 miles (72 km)
- Service ceiling 74,130 ft (22.59 km)
- Wing loading: 205 kg/m² ()
- Thrust/weight: 0.71
[edit] See also
Related development
Comparable aircraft
Related lists
[edit] References
- ^ Reed, R. Dale; Darlene Lister (2002). Wingless Flight: The Lifting Body Story. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0813190266. also available as a PDF file.
- ^ Jenkins, Dennis R. (2001). Space Shuttle: The History of the National Space Transportation System, 3rd edition, Voyageur Press. ISBN 0-9633974-5-1.
[edit] External links
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