Mars Direct
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mars Direct is a proposal for a relatively low-cost manned mission to Mars with current rocket technology. The plan was originally detailed in a research paper by Robert Zubrin and David Baker in 1990. The mission was expanded upon in Zubrin's 1996 book The Case for Mars. The plan is now a staple of Zubrin's speaking engagements and general advocacy as head of the Mars Society, an organization devoted to the colonization of Mars, and has been released in video format.
Contents |
[edit] The proposal
The plan involves launching an unmanned Earth Return Vehicle (ERV) directly from Earth's surface to Mars using a heavy-lift booster (no bigger than the Saturn V used for the Apollo missions), containing a supply of hydrogen, a chemical plant and a small nuclear reactor.
The ERV would take some eight months to reach Mars. Once there, a relatively simple set of chemical reactions (the Sabatier reaction coupled with electrolysis) would combine a small amount of hydrogen carried by the ERV with the carbon dioxide of the Martian atmosphere to create up to 112 tonnes of methane and oxygen propellants, 96 tonnes of which would be needed to return the ERV to Earth at the end of the mission. This process would take approximately ten months to complete.
Some 26 months after the ERV is originally launched from Earth, a second vehicle, the Mars Habitat Unit, would be launched on a high-energy transfer to Mars carrying a crew of four. This vehicle would take some six months to reach Mars. During the trip, artificial gravity would be generated by tying the spent upper stage of the booster to the Habitat Unit, and setting them both rotating about a common axis.
On reaching Mars, the useless spent upper stage would be jettisoned, with the Habitat Unit aerobraking into Mars orbit before soft-landing in proximity to the ERV.
Once on Mars, the crew would spend 18 months on the surface, carrying out a range of scientific research, aided by a small rover vehicle carried aboard their Habitat Unit, and powered by excess methane produced by the ERV.
To return, they would use the ERV, leaving the habitat for the possible use of subsequent explorers. The propulsion stage of the ERV would be used as a counterweight to generate artificial gravity for the trip back.
The initial cost estimate for Mars Direct was put at $55 billion, to be paid over ten years.
[edit] Revisions
Since Mars Direct was initially conceived, it has undergone considerable review by the Mars Society, NASA and Stanford University.
The NASA model, referred to as the Design Reference Mission, currently on version 3, calls for a significant upgrade in hardware (up to 3 launches per mission, not two), and sends the ERV to Mars fully fuelled, parking it in orbit above the planet, where it is reached by a small ascent craft.
The Mars Society and Stanford studies retain the original 2-vehicle mission profile of Mars Direct, but increase the crew size to six.
The Mars Society has demonstrated the viability of the Mars Habitat Unit concept through their Mars Analogue Research Station program.
Mars Direct was featured on a Discovery Channel programs Mars: The Next Frontier in which were discussed, in part, issues surrounding NASA funding of the project, and on Mars Underground, where the plan is discussed more in-depth.
Currently NASA is in the final stages of implementing a modified Mars Direct approach to both Lunar and Martian exploration. Zubrin's ultimate goal of a fully terraformed and colonized Mars is a long-term, multigenerational goal, but eventually, if NASA's 30 year architecture is carried to fruition, that end may be seen as plausible.
A modified proposal, "Mars for Less" [1], was developed by Grant Bonin and has been adopted as the design reference mission for a new umbrella group of advocates, the MarsDrive consortium [2]. The design retains most of the essential features of Mars Direct, but uses multiple medium-lift rocket launchers that are commercially available today (such as the Ariane V or the Delta rocket) to launch the crew vehicles, and their propulsion, separately, and mate them in orbit. By doing so, the multi-billion dollar development cost of a new launch vehicle is avoided.
[edit] In fiction
- Mars Direct is the mission mode used in Gregory Benford's novel, The Martian Race, and in Geoffrey A. Landis's novel Mars Crossing, as well as Zubrin's own novel, First Landing.
- Mars Direct forms the basis for the 2000 film Mission to Mars.
- In the Futurama episode "The Luck of the Fryrish", a short clip shows the first man on Mars with a spacecraft that resembles the Mars Habitat Unit.
- In the West Wing episode "The Warfare of Genghis Khan", a NASA staffer describes Mars Direct to the skeptical White House Deputy Chief of Staff Josh Lyman and is able to convince him of its merit.
- Both Mars Direct and Mars for Less concepts figure prominently in Brian Enke's 2004 novel, Shadows of Medusa.
- A Mars Direct scheme is used in Larry Niven's novel Rainbow Mars.
[edit] See also
- TMK
- Manned Mars-mission
- Zubrin, Baker. (1990). "Mars Direct, Humans to the Red Planet by 1999." 41st Congress of the International Astronautical Federation
- The Case for Mars
- In-Situ Resource Utilization
