Margaret Fuller

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This article is about the 19th century women's rights activist. For the biologist, see Margaret T. Fuller.
Sarah Margaret Fuller

Born May 23, 1810(1810-05-23)
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Died July 19, 1850 (aged 40)
Off Fire Island, New York
Occupation Journalist
Critic
Activist
Nationality United States
Literary movement Transcendentalism
Influences

Sarah Margaret Fuller Ossoli (May 23, 1810 - July 19, 1850) was a journalist, critic and women's rights activist.

Contents

[edit] Early activity

Margaret Fuller was born May 23, 1810,[1] in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Margaret Fuller House, in which she was born, is still standing today. Her father, Timothy Fuller,[2] a lawyer and prominent politician, gave her a vigorous classical education which shaped the bend of her mind but--according to Fuller's own testimony--also sensitized her to the personal expense of her society's masculinized values.

In 1836 she taught at the Temple School in Boston and from 1837 to 1839 taught in Providence, Rhode Island. Fuller became friends with Ralph Waldo Emerson and became one of the leaders of the movement known as transcendentalism. In 1839 she began organizing "conversations", discussions amongst local women, in the parlor in the home of the Peabodys in Boston.[3] Held every Saturday at noon,[4] Fuller intended these meetings to compensate for the lack of education for women[5] and discussions and debates focused on a variety of subjects, such as mythology, art, education and women's rights. A number of significant figures in the women's rights movement attended these "conversations". Ideas brought up in these discussions were developed in Fuller's major works, "The Great Lawsuit" and Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1845), which argue for the independence of women and the necessity of changing the unequal gender relationships of nineteenth-century society.

Fuller edited the transcendentalist journal, The Dial for the first two years of its existence from 1840 to 1842. Publishing some of her most experimental essays, Fuller was able to feminize Ralph Waldo Emerson's paradigm of "self-reliance" (founded upon the intuition of a divine energy within) by arguing that men and women contain powerful female energies as well. (Emerson had argued for the intuition of "God within.")

When Fuller moved to New York and joined Horace Greeley's New York Tribune as literary critic in 1844, she became the first full-time book reviewer in journalism[6] and, by 1846, was the publications first female editor.[7] In her front-page columns--signed with a '*'--Fuller discussed a wide range of topics, ranging from art and literature to the reform of society.

Fuller was viewed as especially vain among the circle of transcendentalists. She once said that she never met her intellectual equal, and when she announced, "I accept the universe!" Thomas Carlyle retorted, "By Gad, she’d better!" Also, due to her feminist beliefs, she was the source of many jokes. She used to recite a passage saying “if you ask me what offices [women] may fill, I reply--any. I do not care what case you put; let them be sea captains, if you will.” Horace Greeley used to yell "LET THEM BE SEA CAPTAINS IF THEY WILL," whenever she waited for him to open the door for her.

[edit] Assignment in Europe

Memorial marker for Margaret Fuller and family located at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Memorial marker for Margaret Fuller and family located at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Fuller was sent to Europe in 1846 by the New York Tribune, specifically England and Italy, as its first female foreign correspondent.[8] There she interviewed many prominent writers including George Sand and Thomas Carlyle — whom she found disappointing, due to his reactionary politics amongst other things. Fuller's first-hand accounts of England, France, and Italy provided powerful analyses of societies poised on the brink of revolution (which broke out in France and Italy in 1848).

In Italy she met the Italian revolutionary Giovanni Ossoli who had been disinherited by his family. Fuller and Ossoli had a child together named Angelo and the couple moved in together in Florence, Italy, likely before they were married.[9] They may have gotten married in 1847. The couple supported Giuseppe Mazzini's revolution for the establishment of a Roman Republic in 1849 — he fought in the struggle while Fuller volunteered to run a supporting hospital. During this period, Florence Nightingale visited Fuller and Rome to pick up lessons on hospital management.

Fuller, Ossoli, and their child were completing a five-week return voyage to the United States aboard the ship Elizabeth when, on July 18, 1850 around 3:30 a.m., the ship slammed into a sandbar about one hundred yards away from Fire Island, New York. The family did not survive.[10] Henry David Thoreau traveled to New York, at the urging of Emerson, to search the shore but neither Fuller's body nor that of her husband were ever recovered; only the child Angelino had washed ashore.[11] Among the articles lost was Fuller's manuscript on the history of the Roman Republic.[12] Many of her writings were collected together by her brother Arthur as At Home and Abroad (1856) and Life Without and Life Within (1858). Her memorial is in Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Fuller was the great aunt of Buckminster Fuller.

[edit] Beliefs

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Fuller was an early proponent of feminism and especially believed in providing education to women.[13]

[edit] Legacy

Margaret Fuller and signature
Margaret Fuller and signature
 Please help improve this article or section by expanding it.
Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. (January 2008)

Margaret Fuller was likely the inspiration for the character Hester Prynne in Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel The Scarlet Letter, specifically her radical thinking about "the whole race of womanhood".[14] She may also be the basis for the character Zenobia in one of Hawthorne's other works, The Blithedale Romance.[citation needed]

She was also an inspiration to poet Walt Whitman, who believed in her call for the forging of a new national identity and a truly American literature.[15]

Fuller, however, was not without her critics. The influential editor Rufus Wilmot Griswold, who believed she went against his notion of feminine modesty, referred to Woman in the Nineteenth Century as "an eloquent expression of her discontent at having been created female".[16] Hawthorne, who had previously been a supporter of Fuller, was critical of her after Woman of the Nineteenth Century was published:

The impression it left was disagreeable. I did not like the tone of it—& did not agree with her at all about the change in woman's outward circumstances... Neither do I believe in such a character of man as she gives. It is altogether too ignoble... I think Margaret speaks of many things that should not be spoken of.[17]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Nelson, Randy F. The Almanac of American Letters. Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc., 1981: 42. ISBN 086576008X
  2. ^ New England Historic Genealogical Society (1859). The New England Historical and Genealogical Register, vol. XIII. p. 355.
  3. ^ Wineapple, Brenda. "Nathaniel Hawthorne 1804-1864: A Brief Biography", A Historical Guide to Nathaniel Hawthorne, Larry J. Reynolds, ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. p. 25. ISBN 0195124146
  4. ^ Brooks, Van Wyck. The Flowering of New England. New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, Inc., 1952. p. 246
  5. ^ Cheevers, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. Detroit: Thorndike Press. Large print edition. p. 32. ISBN 078629521X
  6. ^ Callow, Philip. From Noon to Starry Night: A Life of Walt Whitman. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1992. ISBN 0929587952. p. 110
  7. ^ Cheevers, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. Detroit: Thorndike Press. Large print edition. p. 175. ISBN 078629521X
  8. ^ Cheevers, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. Detroit: Thorndike Press. Large print edition. p. 176. ISBN 078629521X
  9. ^ Cheevers, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. Detroit: Thorndike Press. Large print edition. p. 176–177. ISBN 078629521X
  10. ^ McFarland, Philip. Hawthorne in Concord. New York: Grove Press, 2004. p. 170-171. ISBN 0802117767
  11. ^ Arvin, Newton. Longfellow: His Life and Work. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1963. p. 171
  12. ^ Brooks, Van Wyck. The Flowering of New England. New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, Inc., 1952. p. 429.
  13. ^ Brooks, Van Wyck. The Flowering of New England. New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, Inc., 1952. p. 245
  14. ^ Wineapple, Brenda. "Nathaniel Hawthorne 1804-1864: A Brief Biography", A Historical Guide to Nathaniel Hawthorne, Larry J. Reynolds, ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. p. 25-26. ISBN 0195124146
  15. ^ Callow, Philip. From Noon to Starry Night: A Life of Walt Whitman. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1992. ISBN 0929587952. p. 111
  16. ^ Bayless, Joy. Rufus Wilmot Griswold: Poe's Literary Executor. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1943. p. 121
  17. ^ Miller, Edwin Haviland. Salem Is My Dwelling Place: A Life of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1991: 235. ISBN 0877453322

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