Manifesto of the Ninety-Three

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The "Manifesto of the Ninety-Three" is the name commonly given to a 1914 proclamation endorsed by 93 prominent German scientists, scholars and artists, declaring their unequivocal support of German military actions in the early period of World War I. These actions were elsewhere called the Rape of Belgium. The Manifesto galvanized support for the war throughout German schools and universities, but many foreign intellectuals were outraged.

[edit] Text

[edit] Signers

Signers among the 93 included: Nobel Prizes, artists, physicians, physicists, chemists and worldknown college teachers.

N.B.: The italicized names correspond to famous people whose biography doesn't exist yet on the English wikipedia but on the German and French one.

[edit] Full list

  1. Adolf von Beeyer,
  2. Peter Behrens,
  3. Emil Adolf von Behring,
  4. Wilhelm von Bode,
  5. Aloïs Brandl,
  6. Lujo Brentano,
  7. Justus Brinkmann,
  8. Johannès-Ernst Conrad,
  9. Franz von Defregger,
  10. Richard Dehmel
  11. Adolf Deissmann,
  12. Wilhelm Dörpfeld,
  13. Friedrich von Duhn,
  14. Paul Ehrlich,
  15. Albert Ehrard,
  16. Carl Engler,
  17. Gerhart Esser,
  18. Rudolf Christoph Eucken,
  19. Herbert Eulenberg
  20. Henrich Finke,
  21. Hermann Emil Fischer,
  22. Wilhelm Foerster
  23. Ludwig Fulda
  24. Eduard Gebhardt
  25. J. -J. de Groot,
  26. Fritz Haber,
  27. Ernst Haeckel,
  28. Max Halbe,
  29. Adolf von Harnack,
  30. Gerhart Hauptmann,
  31. Karl Hauptmann,
  32. Gustav Hellmann,
  33. Wilhelm Herrmann,
  34. Andreas Heusler,
  35. Adolf von Hildebrand,
  36. de:Ludwig Hoffmann
  37. Engelbert Humperdinck,
  38. Leopold Graf von Kalckreuth
  39. Arthur Kampf,
  40. Fritz-August von Kaulbach,
  41. Theodor Kipp,
  42. Felix Klein,
  43. Max Klinger ,
  44. Aloïs Knoepfler,
  45. Anton Koch,
  46. Paul Laband
  47. Karl Lamprecht
  48. Philipp Lenard,
  49. Maximilien Lenz,
  50. Max Liebermann,
  51. Franz von Liszt,
  52. Ludwig Manzel,
  53. Joseph Mausbach,
  54. Georg von Mayr,
  55. Sebastian Merkle,
  56. Eduard Meyer
  57. Heinrich Morf,
  58. Friedrich Naumann
  59. Albert Neisser,
  60. Walther Hermann Nernst,
  61. Wilhem Ostwald,
  62. Bruno Paul
  63. Max Planck,
  64. Albert Plohn,
  65. Georg Reicke,
  66. Max Reinhardt,
  67. Alois Riehl,
  68. Karl Robert,
  69. Wilhelm Roentgen,
  70. Max Rubner ,
  71. Fritz Schaper,
  72. Adolf von Schlatter,
  73. August Shmidlin,
  74. Gustav von Schmoller,
  75. Reinhold Seeberg,
  76. Martin Spahn,
  77. Franz von Stuck,
  78. Hermann Sudermann,
  79. Hans Thoma,
  80. Wilhelm Trübner,
  81. Karl Vollmöller,
  82. Richard Voss,
  83. Karl Vossler,
  84. Siegfried Wagner,
  85. Wilhelm Waldeyer,
  86. August von Wassermann
  87. Felix Weingartner,
  88. Théodor Wiegand,
  89. Wilhelm Wien,
  90. Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff,
  91. Richard Willstätter,
  92. Wilhelm Windelband,
  93. Wilhelm Wundt,


  This World War I article is a stub. You can help by expanding it.
 This history of science article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Languages