Makino Nobuaki

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In this Japanese name, the family name is Makino.

Count Makino Nobuaki (牧野 伸顕, Makino Nobuaki^?) (24 November 1861 – 25 January 1949) was a Japanese statesman, active from the Meiji period through the Pacific War.

Born to a samurai family in Satsuma domain present day Kagoshima Prefecture, Makino was the second son of Okubo Toshimichi, but adopted into the Makino family at a very early age.

In 1871, at the age of 11, he accompanied Okubo Toshimichi on the Iwakura Mission to the United States as a student, and briefly attended school in Philadelphia. After he returned to Japan, he attended Tokyo Imperial University, but left without graduating to enter the Foreign Ministry. Assigned to the London Embassy, he made the acquaintance of Ito Hirobumi.

After serving as governors of Fukui Prefecture, Ibaraki Prefecture, Ambassador to Austria and Ambassador to Italy, he served as Minister of Education under the 1st Saionji Cabinet, and as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce under the 2nd Saionji Cabinet. He was also appointed to serve on the Privy Council. Under the 1st Yamagata Cabinet, he was appointed Foreign Minister. Makino aligned his policies closely with Ito Hirobumi and later, with Saionji Kinmochi, and was considered one of the early leaders of the Liberalism movement in Japan. He was appointed to be Japan's ambassador pleponitary to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, ending World War I.

In 1921, he became Imperial Household Minister and elevated in rank to danshaku (baron) under the kazoku peerage system. Behind the scenes, he stroke to improve Anglo-Japanese and Japanese-American relations, and he shared Saionji Kinmochi's efforts to shield the Emperor from direct involvement in political affairs. In 1925, he was appointed Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan. He relinquished the post in 1935, and was elevated in title to hakushaku (count). Although he relinquished his positions, his relations with Emperor Showa remained good, and he still had much power and influence behind the scenes. This made him a target for the militarists, and he narrowly escaped assassination at his villa in Yugawara during the February 26 Incident in 1936. He continued to be an advisor and exert a moderating influence on Emperor Showa until the start of World War II.

Makino was also first president of the Nihon Ki-in Go Society, and a fervent player of the game of go. After the war, his reputation as an “old liberalist” gave him high credibility, and the politician Ichirō Hatoyama attempted to recruit him to the Liberal Party as its chairman. However, Makino declined for reasons of health and age. He died in 1949, and his grave is at the Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo.

Noted post-war Prime Minister Yoshida Shigeru was Makino's son-in-law.

[edit] References

• Agawa, Hiroyuki. The Reluctant Admiral: Yamamoto and the Imperial Navy. Kodansha International (2000). ISBN 4-7700-2539-4
• Beasley, W.G. Japanese Imperialism 1894-1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822168-1
• Makino, Nobuaki. Makino Nobuaki nikki. Chuo Koronsha (1990). ISBN 4-12-001977-2 (Japanese)