Mainspring
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A mainspring is a spiral spring of metal ribbon that is the power source in mechanical watches and some clocks. Winding the timepiece, by turning a knob or key, stores energy in the mainspring by twisting the spiral tighter. The force of the mainspring then turns the clock's wheels as it unwinds, until the next winding is needed. The adjectives wind-up and spring-wound refer to mechanisms powered by mainsprings, which also include kitchen timers, music boxes, wind-up toys and clockwork radios.
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[edit] Modern mainsprings
A modern watch mainspring is a long strip of hardened and blued steel, or specialised steel alloy, 200-300 millimeters long and 0.05-0.2 millimeters thick. The mainspring in the common 1-day movement is calculated to enable the watch to run for 36 to 40 hours, i.e. with a power-reserve for 12 to 16 hours, which is the normal standard for hand-wound as well as self-winding watches. 8-Day movements provide power for at least 192 hours but use longer mainsprings and bigger barrels.
Since 1945, carbon steel alloys have been increasingly superseded by newer special alloys ( iron, nickel and chromium with the addition of cobalt, molybdenum, or beryllium), and also by cold-rolled alloys ('structural hardening'). Known to watchmakers as 'white metal' springs (as opposed to blued carbon steel), these are stainless and have a higher elastic limit. They are less subject to permanent bending (becoming 'tired') and there is scarcely any risk of their breaking. Some of them are also practically non-magnetic.
Outside of the barrel, mainsprings can normally have three distinct shapes:
- Spiral coiled: i.e. coiled in the same direction throughout, viz. that of a spring inside the barrel
- Semi-reverse: The outer end of the spring is coiled in the reverse direction to form an angle less than 360 degrees.
- Reverse (resilient): the outer end of the spring is coiled in the reverse direction to form an angle exceeding 360 degrees.
[edit] How they work
The mainspring is coiled around an axle called the arbor, with the inner end hooked to it. In many clocks, the outer end is attached to a stationary post. The spring is wound up by turning the arbor, and after winding its force turns the arbor the other way to run the clock. The disadvantage of this arrangement is that while the mainspring is being wound, its drive force is removed from the clock movement, so the clock may stop. The winding mechanism must always have a ratchet attached, with a pawl (called by clockmakers the click) to prevent the spring from unwinding.
In the form used in modern watches, called the going barrel, the mainspring is coiled around an arbor and enclosed inside a cylindrical box called the barrel which is free to turn. The spring is attached to the arbor at its inner end, and to the barrel at its outer end.
The mainspring is wound by turning the arbor, but drives the watch movement by the barrel; this arrangement allows the spring to continue powering the watch while it is being wound. Winding the watch turns the arbor, which tightens the mainspring, wrapping it closer around the arbor. The arbor has a ratchet attached to it, with a click to prevent the spring from turning the arbor backward and unwinding. After winding, the arbor is stationary and the pull of the mainspring turns the barrel, which has a ring of gear teeth around it. This meshes with the center (hour) wheel pinion and drives the gear train. The barrel usually rotates once every 8 hours, so the common 40 hour spring requires 5 turns to unwind completely.
Disassembling a mainspring-powered watch or clock is dangerous; even if not wound up, the spring contains energy and can release suddenly, causing injury. The mainspring should be 'let down' gently first, by holding the winding key and pulling the click back, allowing the spring to slowly unwind.
[edit] History
Mainsprings appeared in the first spring powered clocks, in 15th century Europe. Springs were applied to clocks to make them smaller and more portable than previous weight driven clocks, evolving into the first pocketwatches by 1600. Around 1400 coiled springs appeared in locks,[1] Many sources erroneously credit the invention of the mainspring to the Nürnberg locksmith Peter Henlein (or Henle, or Hele) around 1511.[2][3][4] However, many descriptions from the 1400s of portable clocks 'without weights', and at least two surviving examples, show that spring driven clocks existed by the early years of that century.[5][1][6] The earliest existing spring driven clock is the chamber clock given to Peter the Good, Duke of Burgundy, around 1430, now in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum.[1]
The first mainsprings were made of steel without tempering or hardening processes. They didn't run very long, and had to be wound twice a day. Henlein was noted for making watches that would run 40 hours between windings.
[edit] Constant force from a spring
A problem throughout the history of spring driven clocks is that the force (torque) provided by a spring is not constant, but diminishes linearly as the spring unwinds. Timepieces, however, have to run at a constant rate to keep accurate time. Timekeeping mechanisms are never isochronous; meaning their rate is affected by changes in the drive force. This was especially true of the primitive verge and foliot type used before the advent of the balance spring in 1657. So early clocks slowed down as the mainspring ran down.
Two solutions to this problem appeared in the early spring powered clocks: the stackfreed and the fusee. The stackfreed was an eccentric cam mounted on the mainspring arbor, with a spring-loaded roller that pressed against it. The cam was shaped so that early in the running period when the mainspring was pushing strongly, the stackfreed would provide an opposing force, while later when the mainspring was almost run down and pushing weakly, it would provide a helping force. The stackfreed added a lot of friction and probably reduced a clock's running time substantially; it was rarely used and was abandoned after about a century.
The fusee was a much longer lasting innovation. This was a cone-shaped pulley that was turned by a chain wrapped around the mainspring barrel. It's curving shape continuously changed the mechanical advantage of the linkage to even out the force of the mainspring as it ran down. Fusees became the standard method of getting constant torque from a mainspring. They were used in most spring driven clocks and watches from their first appearance until the 1800s when the going barrel took over, and in marine chronometers until the 1970s.
Another early device which helped even out the spring's force was stopwork or winding stops, which prevented the mainspring from being wound up all the way, and prevented it from unwinding all the way. The idea was to use only the central part of the spring's 'torque curve', where it's force was more constant. The most common form was the Geneva stop or 'Maltese cross'. Stopwork isn't needed in modern watches.
The modern 'going barrel', invented in 1760 by Jean-Antoine Lépine, produces a constant force by simply using a longer mainspring than needed, and coiling it under tension in the barrel. In operation, only the inner turns of the spring are used. Mathematically, the tension creates a 'flat' section in the spring's 'torque curve' and only this flat section is used. In addition, the outer end of the spring is often given a 'reverse' curve, so it has an 'S' shape. This stores more tension in the spring's outer turns where it is available toward the end of the running period. The result is that the barrel provides approximately constant torque over the watch's designed running period; the torque doesn't decline until the mainspring has almost run down.
The built-in tension of the spring in the going barrel makes it hazardous to disassemble even when not wound up.
[edit] Broken mainsprings
Because they are subjected to constant stress cycles, up until the 1960s mainsprings generally broke from metal fatigue long before other parts of the timepiece. They were considered expendable items. This often happened at the end of the winding process, when the spring is wound as tightly as possible around the arbor, with no space between the coils. When manually winding, it is easy to reach this point unexpectedly and put excessive pressure on the spring. Broken mainsprings were the largest cause of watch repairs until the 1960s.[7] Since then, the improvements in spring metallurgy mentioned above have made broken mainsprings rare.
Even if the spring didn't break, too much force caused another problem.[8][9] Since no more slack was left in the spring, the pressure of the last turn of the winding knob put the spring under excessive tension, which was locked in by the last click of the ratchet. So the watch ran with excessive drive force for several hours, until the extra tension in the end of the spring was relieved. This caused the balance wheel to rotate too far and 'knock', and the watch to gain time. In older watches this was prevented with 'stopwork'. In modern watches this is prevented by designing the 'click' with some 'recoil' (backlash), to allow the arbor to rotate backward after winding by about two ratchet teeth, enough to remove excess tension.
[edit] Motor or safety barrel
Around 1900, when broken watchsprings were more of a problem, some watches used a variation of the going barrel called the motor barrel or safety barrel. Mainsprings usually broke at their attachment to the arbor, where bending stresses are greatest. When the mainspring broke, the outer part recoiled and the momentum spun the barrel in the reverse direction. This applied great force to the delicate gear train and escapement, often breaking pivots and jewels.
In the motor barrel, the functions of the arbor and barrel were reversed from the going barrel. The mainspring was wound by the barrel, and turned the arbor to drive the wheel train. Thus if the mainspring broke, the destructive recoil of the barrel would be applied not to the delicate wheel train but to the winding mechanism, which was robust enough to take it.
[edit] Safety pinion
A safety pinion was an alternate means of protection, used with the going barrel. In this, the center wheel pinion, which the barrel gear engages, was attached to its shaft with a reverse screw thread. If the spring broke, the reverse recoil of the barrel, instead of being passed on to the gear train, would simply unscrew the pinion.
[edit] The myth of 'overwinding'
Watches are often found stopped with the mainspring fully wound, which led to a myth that winding a watch all the way up damages it. What actually happens is that as time passes and the watch movement collects dirt and the oil dries up, friction increases, so that the mainspring doesn't have the force to turn the watch until the end of it's running period. If the owner continues to wind and use the watch, eventually the friction force reaches the 'flat' part of the torque curve, and quickly a point is reached where the mainspring doesn't have the force to run the watch even at full wind, so the watch stops with the mainspring fully wound. The watch needs service, but the problem is caused by a dirty movement or other defect, not 'overwinding'.
[edit] Self-winding watches and 'unbreakable' mainsprings
Self-winding or automatic watches, introduced widely in the 1950s, use the natural motions of the wrist to keep the mainspring wound. A semicircular weight, pivoted at the center of the watch, rotates with each wrist motion. A winder mechanism uses rotations in both directions to wind the mainspring.
In automatic watches, motion of the wrist could continue winding the mainspring until it broke. This is prevented with a slipping clutch device.[10] The outer end of the mainspring, instead of attaching to the barrel, is attached to a circular expansion spring called the bridle that presses against the inner wall of the barrel, which has serrations or notches to hold it. During normal winding the bridle holds by friction to the barrel, allowing the mainspring to wind. When the mainspring reaches its full tension, its pull is stronger than the bridle. Further rotation of the arbor causes the bridle to slip along the barrel, preventing further winding. In watch company terminology, this is often misleadingly referred to as an 'unbreakable mainspring'.
[edit] 'Tired' or 'set' mainsprings
After decades of use, mainsprings in older timepieces are found to deform slightly and lose some of their force, becoming 'tired' or 'set'. This condition is mostly found in springs in barrels. It causes the running time between windings to decrease. During servicing the mainspring should be checked for 'tiredness' and replaced if necessary. The British Horological Institute suggests these tests[11]:
- In a mainspring barrel, when unwound and relaxed, most of a healthy spring's turns should be pressed flat against the wall of the barrel, with only 1 or 2 turns spiralling across the central space to attach to the arbor. If more than 2 turns are loose in the center, the spring may be 'tired'; with 4 or 5 turns it definitely is 'tired'.
- When removed from the barrel, if the diameter of the relaxed spring lying on a flat surface is less than 2 1/2 times the barrel diameter, it is 'tired'.
[edit] Power reserve indicator
Some high grade watches have an extra dial on the face indicating how much power is left in the mainspring, often graduated in hours the watch has left to run. Since both the arbor and the barrel turn, this mechanism requires a differential gear that measures how far the arbor has been turned, compared to the barrel.
[edit] References
- G.A. Berner 4-language Glossary, 1988 re-edition, courtesy FH, Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry, Bienne, Switzerland
- Murray, Michael P. (2005-02-01). Everything you always wanted to know about clock mainsprings. Mike's Clock Clinic. Retrieved on 2007-12-02.
- Workshop hints: mainsprings. British Horological Institute (1997).
[edit] External links
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b c White, Lynn Jr. (1966). Medieval Technology and Social Change. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0195002660., p.126-127
- ^ Milham, Willis I. (1945). Time and Timekeepers. New York: MacMillan. ISBN 0780800087., p.121
- ^ "Clock". The New Encyclopaedia Britannica 4. (1974). Univ. of Chicago. ISBN 0852292902.
- ^ Anzovin, Steve; Podell, Janet (2000). Famous First Facts: A record of first happenings, discoveries, and inventions in world history. H.W. Wilson. ISBN 0824209583., p.440
- ^ Usher, Abbot Payson (1988). A History of Mechanical Inventions. Courier Dover. ISBN 048625593X., p.305
- ^ Dohrn-van Rossum, Gerhard (1997). History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders. Univ. of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-15510-2., p.121
- ^ Bretscher, Ulrich (2007). The Rosskopf Watch. Ulrich Bretscher's pocket watch page. Retrieved on 2007-12-07.
- ^ De Carle, Donald (1969). Practical Watch Repairing, 3rd Ed.. London: Robert Hale Ltd.. ISBN 0719800307., p.91
- ^ Milham 1945, p.105
- ^ De Carle 1969, p.90-91
- ^ Workshop hints: mainsprings. British Horological Institute website (1997).
