Machi-bugyō
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Machi-bugyō (町奉行 machi-bugyō?) were officials of the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo period Japan. Appointments to this prominent office were usually fudai daimyō, but this was amongst the senior administrative posts open to those who were not daimyō.[1] Conventional interpretations have construed these Japanese titles as "commissioner" or "overseer" or "governor."
This bakufu title identifies a magistrate or municipal administrator with responsibility for governing and maintaining order in what were perceived to be important cities.[2]
The machi-bugyo were the central public authority in the Japanese urban centers of this period. These bakufu-appointed officers served in a unique role, which was an amalgam of chief of police, judge, and mayor. The machi-bugyo were expected to manage a full range of administrative and judicial responsibilities.[3]
The machi-bugyo was expected to be involved in tax collection, policing, and firefighting; and at the same time, the machi-bugyo needed to play a number of judicial roles – hearing and deciding both ordinary civil cases and criminal cases.[3]
Only high-ranking hatamoto were appointed to the position of machi-bygo because of the critical importance of what they were expected to do. The machi-bugyo were considered equal in rank to the minor daimyō. There were as many as 16 machi-bugyo located throughout Japan.[3]
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[edit] Shogunal city
During this period, a number of urban cities -- including Edo, Kyoto, Nagasaki, Nara, Nikkō, and Osaka -- were considered important; and some were designated as a "shogunal city." The number of such "shogunal cities" rose from three to eleven under Tokugawa administration.[4]
[edit] List of machi-bugyō
- Revisions and sourced additions are welcome.
- Ido Satohiro, 1849-1856.[5]
- Izawa Masayoshi, 1858.[6]
- Oguri Tadamasa, 1862-1863.[7]
- Abe Masatō, 1863-1864.[8]
- Inoue Kiynao, 1863, 1866-1868.[9]
[edit] Notes
- ^ Beasley, William G. (1955). Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853-1868, p. 325.
- ^ Hall, John Wesley. (1955) Tanuma Okitsugu: Foreruner of Modern Japan, p. 201
- ^ a b c Cunningham, Don. (2004). Taiho-Jutsu: Law and Order in the Age of the Samurai, p. 42.
- ^ Cullen, William. (2003). A History of Japan, 1582-1941: Internal and External Worlds, p. 159.
- ^ Beasley, p. 332.
- ^ Beasley, p. 334.
- ^ Beasley, p. 338.
- ^ Beasley, p. 331.
- ^ Beasley, p. 333.
[edit] References
- Beasley, William G. (1955). Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853-1868. London: Oxford University Press. [reprinted by RoutledgeCurzon, London, 2001. 10-ISBN 0-197-13508-0; 13-ISBN 978-0-197-13508-2 (cloth)]
- Cullen, Louis M. (2003). A History of Japan, 1582-1941: Internal and External Worlds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10-ISBN 0-521-82155-X (cloth) -- 10-ISBN 0-521-52918-2 (paper)
- Cunningham, Don. (2004). Taiho-Jutsu: Law and Order in the Age of the Samurai. Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing. 10-ISBN 0-804-83536-5; 13-ISBN 978-0-804-83536-7 (cloth)
- Hall, John Wesley. (1955). Tanuma Okitsugu: Foreruner of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Jansen, Marius B. (1995). Warrior Rule in Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10-ISBN 0-521-48404-9
[edit] See also
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