Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl
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Mírzá Muḥammad (Arabic: ميرزا أبوالفضل), or Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl-i-Gulpáygání (1844-1914) was the foremost Bahá'í scholar who helped spread the Bahá'í Faith in Egypt, Turkmenistan, and the United States. He is one of the few Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh who never actually met Bahá'u'lláh. His given name was Muhammad, and he chose the alias Abu'l-Fadl (progenitor of virtue) for himself, but `Abdu'l-Bahá frequently addressed him as Abu'l-Fada'il (progenitor of virtues).[1]
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[edit] Early life
Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl was born in a village near Gulpaygan, Iran, sometime in the months of June or July 1844. His family were prominent religious scholars in the village; his father, Mirza Muhammad Rida Shari`atmadar, was a religious leader, and his mother, Sharafu'n-Nisa, was related to the prayer leader of the town. Abu'l-Fadl completed his preliminary education in Gulpaygan, and then successively went to Arak, Karbala and Najaf to continue his education. In 1868 he left to Isfahan to study Islamic sciences at one of the religious colleges in the city; he was given a room by one of the prayer leaders, Imam-Jum`ih, Sayyid Muhammad Sultanu'l-`Ulama, who was a friend of his father's. Abu'l-Fadl remained at the college for three years, becoming well versed in several branches of knowledge. Abu'l-Fadl's father died in the winter of 1871, and after his death, Abu'l-Fadl's brothers schemed against him and took all their father's inheritance.[1]
In October 1873, Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl was invited to Tehran to teach Kalam, or speculative theology, at the Madrasih Hakim Hashim, one of the religious colleges in the city. During the time he was at the religious college, he was able to continue learning about philosophy and mystical philosophy, or Irfan, by attending the lectures of Mírzá Abu'l-Hasan Jilvih, one of the leading figures on the subject. Furthermore during his time at Madrasih Hakim Hashim, he also discussed the history of religion with two Buddhist scholars who where in Tehran at the same time, and attended science classes at the élite school of Dar ol-Fonoon, founded by Amir Kabir, the grand vizier to Nasereddin Shah. After a short time at the Madrasih Hakim Hashim, he was selected to be the head of the religious college.[1]
[edit] Conversion to the Bahá'í Faith and arrests
Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl's first encounters with Bahá'ís was in the beginning of 1876 during his time in Tehran. Abu'l-Fadl, at one point, met an uneducated cloth-seller, named Aqa `Abdu'l-Karim, with whom he would have discussions over difficult religious questions. Over time Abu'l-Fadl came to appreciate `Abdu'l-Karim's keenness and moral qualities, but when eventually he learnt that `Abdu'l-Karim was a Bahá'í and that the points he was making were predominantly derived from Bahá'í scripture, Abu'l-Fadl was saddened.[1] Abu'l-Fadl, however, became curious about the Bahá'í Faith, and asked to meet other Bahá'ís. There is a famous story of Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl's meeting with a Bahá'í blacksmith:
- "It so happened that on the way out one of the donkeys lost a shoe, so the party called at the nearest blacksmith for help. Noticing the long beard and large turban of Mirza Abu'l-Fadl -- indications of his vast knowledge -- the blacksmith Ustad Husayn-i-Na'l-Band (shoeing smith), who was illiterate, was tempted to enter into conversation with the learned man. He said to Mirza that since he had honoured him with his presence, it would be a great privilege for him if he could be allowed to ask a question which had perplexed his mind for some time. When permission was granted he said, 'Is it true that in the Traditions of Shí'ah Islam it is stated that each drop of rain is accompanied by an angel from heaven? And that this angel brings down the rain to the ground?' 'This is true,' Mirza Abu'l-Fadl responded. After a pause, the blacksmith begged to be allowed to ask another question to which Mirza gave his assent. 'Is it true', the blacksmith asked, 'that if there is a dog in a house no angel will ever visit that house?' Before thinking of the connection between the two questions, Mirza Abu'l-Fadl responded in the affirmative. 'In that case', commented the blacksmith, 'no rain should ever fall in a house where a dog is kept.' Mirza Abu'l-Fadl, the noted learned man of Islam, was now confounded by an illiterate blacksmith. His rage knew no bounds, and his companions noticed that he was filled with shame. They whispered to him, 'This blacksmith is a Bahá'í!'"[2]
In the next several months, Abu'l-Fadl met with some of the leading Bahá'ís including Nabíl-i-Akbar, Mirza Isma`il Dhabih and Aqa Mirza Haydar `Ali Ardistani. While he was at Mirza Isma`il Dhabih's house, he read two of Bahá'u'lláh's tablets, the Lawh-i-Ra'ís (Tablet of the Chief) and the Lawh-i-Fu'ád (Tablet of Fu'ad Pasha), which contain prophecies both of the fall of the Ottoman Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz and vizier `Ali Páshá and of the loss of Adrianople from the Sultan. He determined that if the events portrayed in those tablets came to pass, he would believe in Bahá'u'lláh.[1]
A few months later, when precisely the events foretold in the tablets occurred, Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl accepted the Bahá'í Faith and became a Bahá'í on September 20, 1876. As soon as he became a Bahá'í, Abu'l-Fadl began to teach the new religion to others, and when news spread of his conversion away from Islam, he was removed from the religious college. He found a new position as a teacher at a school for Zoroastrian children that was established by Mánikchi Sáhib, an Indian Parsi. During his time at the school, a number of Zoroastrians converted to the Bahá'í Faith including Ustad Javanmard and Mulla Bahram Akhtar-Khavari. He continued to teach the Bahá'í Faith during the next ten years that he spent in Tehran, and helped Mírzá Husyan Hamadani produce an account of the history of the Bábí and Bahá'í religions, the Tarikh-i-Jadid (The New History), which was commissioned by Mánikchi Sáhib. In Tehran, he was also imprisoned on three occasions. He was first imprisoned in December 1876 when it was found that he had converted to the Bahá'í Faith; he was released after five months. He was next imprisoned in 1882-83 for nineteen months, with fifty or so other Bahá'ís in Tehran, when the governor of the city, Kamran Mirza, ordered their arrests at the instigation of Sayyid Sadiq Sanglaji, a religious leader in the city. Then, in October 1885 he was imprisoned for another six months, once again, due to orders from Kamran Mirza.[1]
[edit] Travels
After his 1882 imprisonment, he began extensive travels throughout the Persian Empire, especially after he received letters from Bahá'u'lláh in 1886 asking him to travel to teach the Bahá'í Faith. It was principally through his writings that the Bahá'í Faith was presented to the Jews of Iran in such a way as to bring a large number of them into accepting Bahá'u'lláh. During his travels in Iran he visited Kashan, Isfahan, Yazd and Tabriz. In 1888 and the three years thereafter he travelled to Ashgabat, Samarkand, and Bukhara. During his time in Ashgabat, Haji Muhammad Rida Isfahani, a prominent Bahá'í was assassinated; Abu'l-Fadl acted as the spokesman on behalf of the Bahá'í at the trial of the murders, and helped establish the independence of the Bahá'í Faith from Islam for the Russian government. In Samarkand, his teaching efforts allowed for the conversion of the first Afghan Bahá'í, Dr. `Ata'u'llah Khan.[1]
In 1894 Abu'l-Fadl spent ten months with `Abdu'l-Bahá in 'Akká, then in 1894 went to Cairo, where he settled for several years. In Egypt, he was successful in converting some thirty of the students of Al-Azhar University, the foremost institution of learning in the Sunni Muslim world. Abu'l-Fadl also became friends with writers and magazine publishers, and many articles that he authored appeared in the Egyptian press. In 1896, when Nasiru'd-Din Shah was assassinated in Iran, an enemy of the Bahá'ís, Za`imu'd-Dawlih, used the rumour that the assassination had been performed by Bahá'ís, to cause a massacre of the Bahá'ís in Egypt. When Abu'l-Fadl, stood up in defence for the Bahá'ís and stated that he himself was a Bahá'í, his allegiance became public; then when his two books Fara'id and Al-Duraru'l-Bahiyyih were published in 1897-1900 the al-Azhar University decreed that Abu'l-Fadl was an infidel.[1]
Between 1900 and 1904 he travelled to Paris and the United States, by request of `Abdu'l-Bahá, where his talks and writings enabled the fledgling Bahá'í communities to gain confidence and a clear understanding of the religion. During his travels, he was accompanied by Laura Clifford Barney, an American Bahá'í. In Paris, his talks were translated by Anton Haddad, and over thirty people became Bahá'ís. Then in the autumn of 1901 travelled to the United States, and specifically to Chicago, where the largest Bahá'í community was, and gave a large number of talks. Then in December 1901, Abu'l-Fadl travelled to Washington D.C. and gave talks to both Bahá'ís and the general population. During this time, he also continuously worked on an introductory book on the Bahá'í Faith.[1]
Abu'l-Fadl then travelled to the Green Acre Bahá'í School in Eliot, Maine where he stayed during the months of July and August of 1903 and lectured to a Bahá'í audience. In 1904, `Abdu'l-Bahá asked that Abu'l-Fadl return to the Middle East, and the Bahá'ís held a large farewell gathering for him in New York on November 29, 1904.[1]
[edit] Later years
Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl lived most of his later years in Cairo until his death on 21 January 1914. During his final years, he also visited Beirut and Haifa. Abu'l-Fadl was in Egypt when `Abdu'l-Bahá visited Egypt in August 1910, and he stayed near `Abdu'l-Bahá in Alexandria in mid 1911. Near the end of 1912, Abu'l-Fadl started to become ill, and Aqa Muhammad-Taqi Isfahani was able to move Abu'l-Fadl to his house in Cairo, where he remained until his death on January 21, 1914.[1]
After his death, `Abdu'l-Bahá gave a eulogy which can be found in Bahá'í Proofs. Moojan Momen, a Bahá'í historian, states that Abu'l-Fadl possessed a critical mind, and had a complete devotion to the Bahá'í Faith.[1] Momen states that Abu'l-Fadl's writings "show a keen understanding of modern currents of thought remarkable in a man who only knew oriental languages." and was able to apply the Bahá'í teachings to a wide range of different issues.[1]
[edit] As an author
Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl wrote on a wide range of Bahá'í subjects, including extensive amounts of material about the proofs of Bahá'u'lláh's mission. He was consistently praised by the central figures of the Bahá'í Faith and Shoghi Effendi. His papers and letters include a wide range of presentations of the Bahá'í Faith for those of Christian and Jewish backgrounds, and his concepts in the presentation of the Bahá'í Faith continue to be important today. After his death, his papers, including several unfinished works, were taken to Ashkhabad, where his nephew lived; many of these papers were, however, lost during the Russian Revolution.[1]
`Abdu'l-Bahá once wrote, referring to The Brilliant Proof:
- "His Honour Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl has written a treatise answering the criticisms of a London preacher. Each one of you should have a copy. Read, memorize and reflect upon it. Then, when accusations and criticisms are advanced by those unfavourable to the Cause, you will be well armed."[3]
[edit] Publications
- Sharh-i-Ayat-i-Mu'arrakhih (In Explanation of Massacre Verses that Prophesy Dates): Written in 1888, the work discusses the date of the prophecies concerning the coming of the Promised One in the scriptures of Islam, Christianity, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism.
- Risalih Ayyubiyyih (Treatise addressed to Ayyub): Written in 1887, concerning prophecies relating to the Promised One in the Torah.
- Faslu'l-Khitab (The Decisive Utterance): A large book written in Samarqand in 1892; among its subjects, it discusses the traditions in Shia Islam regarding the persecution of the Promised One. The book was written in reply to an attack by an Adharbayjan Shia cleric. No known copy of the work exists.
- Fara'id (The Peerless Gems): A book written in 1898 in reply to an attack on the Kitáb-i-Íqán and published in Cairo. Generally considered Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl's greatest work.
- Al-Duraru'l-Bahiyyih (The Shining Pearls): Published in 1900, it is a collection of essays on the history of the Bahá'í Faith. Since it was wrriten in Arabic, it was responsible for making the Bahá'ís known in Egypt. It has been translated by Juan Cole as Miracles and Metaphors (Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl Gulpáygání (1981). Miracles and metaphors. Los Angeles: Kalimát Press. ISBN 0933770227.)
- Risaliyyih Iskandaraniyyih: Published along with Al-Duraru'l-Bahiyyih, the paper provides proofs for Muhammad's prophethood from Christian and Jewish scripture. It also explains the verse from the Qur'an "Then it is ours to explain it."
- The Kitab-i-Ibrar (Book of Justification): While no manuscript of this book currently exists, it was referred to in Abu'l-Fadl's other works and seems to have dealt with the Covenant.
- Al-Hujaju'l-Bahá'íyyih (The Bahá'í Proofs): A book written while in the United States, which explains and defends the Bahá'í Faith from a Christian point of view.
- Burhan-i-Lami` (The Brilliant Proof): Published, along with an English translation, in Chicago in 1912, the paper responds to a Christian clergyman's questions. Republished as Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl Gulpáygání (1998). The Brilliant Proof. Los Angeles: Kalimát Press.
- Kashfu'l-Ghita (The Uncovering of Error): After E.G. Browne published the Nuqtatu'l-Kaf, which was hostile to the Bahá'í Faith, Abu'l-Fadl began working on refutations of that book. When he learned that other Bahá'í scholars had also started working on refutations that had reached an advanced stage, he suspended his writing. He never completed the book, and when his papers were sent to his cousin in Ashkhabad, his cousin worked on completing the book, of which 132 of 438 pages are written by Abu'l-Fadl.
[edit] Letters
In addition to the books that Abu'l-Fadl wrote, he also wrote a number of shorter works in response to questions addressed to him; some of these letters have been published in a number of compilations:
- Majmu`iy-i-Rasa'il-i-Hadrat-i-Abi'l-Fadl: Published in Cairo in 1920 and contains 16 letters and treatises.
- Rasa'il wa Raqa'im: Published in Persian in Tehran in 1977, and contains 23 treatises and 59 letters. Some of the treatises from this work have been translated by Juan Cole into English in Leters & Essays includeding:
- Two treatises on the Covenant: Published in 1911 in Cairo consisting of two treatises written in 1899 and 1896 which deal with proofs from the Bible and the Qur'an, and about the actions of Covenant-breakers.
- Risalih Iskandariyyih (Treatise of Alexander): Written in response to a request by E.G. Browne to write about the life of Bahá'u'lláh among other things. The letter was named in honour of Alexander Tumanski, who had also requested information about Bahá'u'lláh.
- Al-Bab wa'l-Babiyyih (The Báb and Bábísm): A brief history of the Bahá'í Faith commissioned by the editor of the Egyptian magazine Al-Muqtataf after the assassination of Nasser al-Din Shah.
- A treatise regarding Bahá'u'lláh's ancestry which traces it to the last Sasanian king, Yazdgerd III.
[edit] Notes
[edit] References
- `Abdu'l-Bahá [1912] (1982). The Promulgation of Universal Peace, Hardcover, Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. ISBN 0877431728.
