LSWR T14 class

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The LSWR Class T14 was a class of ten 4-6-0 locomotives designed by Dugald Drummond for express passenger use on the London and South Western Railway and constructed at Eastleigh in 1911–12 [1].

[edit] Background

Dugald Drummond's success with his previous 4-4-0 designs created a new problem. His new and robust designs allowed the timetables to be accelerated, and it soon became clear that faster passenger locomotives with a large of power-to-weight ratio were needed.^[1] This was especially true when the LSWR's passenger requirements were increasing with lengthened, heavier rolling stock that needed to keep up with faster point-to-point schedules.^[1]

However, Drummond knew that this could only be achieved via the use of the 4-6-0 wheel arrangement and a multiple-cylinder layout. He had already introduced the F13, E14, G14 and P14 as new classes of 4-6-0, but they had all fallen significantly short of keeping pace with the demands made of them.^[1]

[edit] Construction history

Despite his track record, Drummond decided to return to the 4-6-0 wheel arrangement. This was because such a design had been proven on other railways such as the Great Central, and the additional traction provided by an extra pair of driving wheels was useful in starting heavy trains.^[1] The resultant design, class T14, incorporated many features seen previously on his other 4-6-0 designs, the Drummond lipped chimney, large splashers.^[2] However, driving wheel diameter was increased by seven inches to 6' 7", and these were powered by four cylinders set in line in an arrangement similar to German practice in the first years of the 20 century. Divided drive was retained with the inside cylinders driving the front axle whilst the outside ones propelled the second axle. Steam distribution was by two sets of Walschaerts valve gear on the outside, the motion of the inside valves being derived through rockers.^[3] Six locomotives (447 and 458—62) were fitted with Drummond's smokebox superheater, the other four used saturated steam. ^[4]

However, despite more consideration over the failings of his previous designs, the class was still plagued by the liabilities of heavy coal and water consumption combined with the serious ongoing ailment of hot axle boxes that afflicted all his previous 4-6-0s.^[1]

[edit] Maunsell's modifications

Between 1930 and 1931, Richard Maunsell, who was adept at standardising locomotives through measured simplicity, applied his principles to all members of the class. The infamous Drummond 'paddlebox' splashers over the driving wheels were removed to be replaced by a simple raised running plate.^[2] A further improvement was the installation of mechanical lubricators; this in tandem with the removal of the bulky "paddlebox" splashers went some way towards curing a recurring problem of over-heated axle boxes.^[1]

The boiler was another feature of the design that received attention, with Maunsell installing a superheater during the rebuilding, and reduced the boiler pressure to 175 lbf/in². However, the locomotive still used a lot of coal and water, resulting in an overall lack of any improvement in performance.^[1]

[edit] Chimney modification

In 1940, number 447's chimney required replacing due to wear and oxidisation.^[1] No Drummond spares were available, resulting in the application of a short stove-pipe chimney. When outshopped and pressed into service, there was a marked improvement in its steaming ability due to the improved draughting.^[2] The same enhancement was subsequently applied to all but one of the class as they went through Eastleigh works for overhaul.

[edit] Livery and numbering

[edit] LSWR and Southern

Livery under the LSWR was Drummond's LSWR Passenger Sage Green, with purple-brown edging and black and white lining. ^[5] Under Southern Railway ownership from grouping in 1923, the locomotives were outshopped in Richard Maunsell's darker version of the LSWR Sage Green with yellow lettering on the tender, with black and white lining.^[2]

This livery was continued under Bulleid despite his experimentation with Malachite Green, though the 'Southern' lettering on the tender was changed to the 'Sunshine Yellow' style. During the Second World War, members of the class outshopped form overhaul were turned out in wartime black.^[2]

The class was numbered in two blocks by the LSWR. Numbering under the Southern retained the LSWR allocations.

[edit] Post-1948 (nationalisation)

Livery after Nationalisation was initially Southern livery with 'British Railways' on the tender, and an 'S' prefix on the number. The class was subsequently outshopped in BR Mixed Traffic Black with red and white lining, with the BR crest on the tender.^[6]

Locomotive numbering was per BR standard practice. Numbering was based upon the batches built. However, one of the locomotives had been withdrawn by the start of 1948, resulting in a gap in the sequence.^[6]

[edit] Operational details

The T14 s were the most successful of Drummond's abysmal 4-6-0 designs for the LSWR, though they still displayed the old, costly liabilities of heavy coal and water consumption on a railway that did not employ water troughs, which was combined with a high frequency of hot axle boxes. Both were complaints that had afflicted all his previous 4-6-0s, and did not endear them to locomotive crews.

In service, all were based at Nine Elms from new and were used exclusively on expresses to Bournemouth and Salisbury. However, the class struggled on these 'racing stretches.' This was especially true in the case of the tightly timed Salisbury workings. With intermediate stops at Surbiton and Woking, a D15 was the preferred motive power because they kept better time than a T14.

In consequence, they were utilised on the LSWR 'top link' for only 8 years, and were promptly replaced upon grouping in 1923 by Maunsell's N15s as they became available. However, their potential in secondary duties gave Maunsell the opportunity to attempt to right the problems associated with the original design. Superheating helped to solve the problems of efficiency in terms of coal and water, whilst the removal of the splashers meant ease of access to the wheels and airflow to the axleboxes.^[2]

The first withdrawal took place in 1940 with 458 suffering air raid damage at Nine Elms shed. The rest continued into public ownership in 1948. However, the remainder continued to be withdrawn from November 1948 and the last one surviving until June 1951. As a result, none were preserved.

[edit] References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Bradley, D. L.: An illustrated history of LSWR Locomotives: the Drummond Classes (Didcot: Wild Swan Publications, 1986) ISBN 0906867428
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Haresnape, B. & Rowledge, P.: Drummond Locomotives: A Pictorial History (Hinckley: Ian Allan Publishing, 1982) ISBN 0711012067
3. ^ Nock, O.S. British steam locomotives of the Twentieth Century (Book Club Associates, London UK, 1983) p.141
4. ^ Casserley, H.C.: "London and South Western Locomotives" (London: Ian Allan, 1971 ISBN 0711001510 — incorporating F. Burtt: LSWR Locomotives - a survey 1873-1922, published 1949) p. 149
5. ^ Swift, Peter: Maunsell 4-6-0 King Arthur Class (Locomotives in Detail series volume 4) (Hinckley: Ian Allan Publishing, 2006), ISBN 0711030863
6. ^ ^{a b} Longworth, Hugh: British Railway Steam Locomotives: 1948-1968 (Oxford: Oxford Publishing Company, 2005) ISBN 0860935930