Longeing

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A horse in training for equestrian vaulting at the halt on a longe line.
A horse in training for equestrian vaulting at the halt on a longe line.

Longeing or lungeing is a technique for training horses, where a horse is asked to work at the end of a long line and respond to commands from a handler on the ground who holds the line. It is also a critical component of the sport of equestrian vaulting. Longeing is performed on a large circle with the horse traveling around the outside edge of a real or imaginary ring with the trainer in the middle.

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[edit] Pronunciation and spelling

Historic copperplate engraving of a horse and rider being worked on a longe line
Historic copperplate engraving of a horse and rider being worked on a longe line

The classic spelling of the word in English is "longeing", pronounced /ˈlʌnʒɨŋ/, "lunjing"[1][2]. However, because of the pronunciation it is common throughout the English-speaking world for the term to be spelled "lungeing", even in a significant number of books and magazine articles on the subject.[3] Though inaccurate as a term of art, the more phonetic spelling dates to the 1800s,[4] and particularly since the late 20th century, has been used to such an extent that it is now often considered correct, even in some (though not all) dictionaries.[5] The majority of dressage masters of the 20th century and earlier used the spelling "longeing".[6] In modern times, books aimed at the mass market are published with either spelling, but organizations in the United States that are devoted to traditional horsemanship, including the United States Pony Clubs[7] continues to utilize the spelling "longeing", as do most practitioners of equestrian vaulting and classical dressage. In the United Kingdom, usage is split to a greater extent, even among major organizations, with the British Horse Society using the spelling "lungeing" in its materials, [8] while the Association of British Riding Schools (ABRS) uses "longeing".[9]

Historically, the word is believed to be derived from either the French word allonge,[10] meaning "to lengthen",[11] or the Latin longa ("long").[10] In both cases, the root word featured spelling with an "o" and emphasize lengthening and extension.

[edit] Reasons for Longeing

A horse and vaulter on a longe line with handler on the ground. (In vaulting, the handler is called a longeur.) The longe is also used to develop a person's equestrian skills.
A horse and vaulter on a longe line with handler on the ground. (In vaulting, the handler is called a longeur.) The longe is also used to develop a person's equestrian skills.

Longeing has many benefits for both horses and riders.

For a young or green (inexperienced) horse, longeing is used to teach a horse to respond to voice commands and the trainer's body language, to accustom them to the feel of a saddle and bridle, and to begin their introduction to the feel of reins and bit pressure. In many training stables, a horse is first introduced on the longe to nearly everything it is going to be asked to do under saddle, including movement at all gaits, response to hand and voice commands (called riding aids), and remaining calm in unusual or stressful situations.

On horses of any age or level of experience, longeing is used to exercise a horse when it cannot be ridden, or when additional work is needed to develop balance, rhythm, and to improve the horse's gaits. It is also useful to help settle a horse before riding, especially a high-strung horse, a young horse, or a horse that has been confined more than usual. However, longeing should not be used to tire a horse out, as long sessions can cause joint strain. It can be used to "blow off steam" or "get the bucks out" before a rider gets on, though proper turnout or liberty work is a better alternative, because the horse should think of a longeing session as training time, not play time.

Longeing a rider is very valuable for teaching, as the rider may develop their seat and position without having to worry about controlling the horse.[1] [2] Classical schools of riding and training, such as the Spanish Riding School, require new riders to work extensively on the longe before they are allowed reins or stirrups, and riders are required to periodically return to longe work to refine their seat and balance.

[edit] Equipment for longeing

Longe cavesson fitted with a bridle. Also note front leg wraps and that the stirrups are put up to keep them from hitting the horse's side.
Longe cavesson fitted with a bridle. Also note front leg wraps and that the stirrups are put up to keep them from hitting the horse's side.

[edit] Longe line

The longe line (or longe) should be about 30 feet (10 m) long, so the longeing circle can have a diameter of 60 feet (20 m). It is usually a flat woven webbing made of nylon, cotton, or Dacron. In the natural horsemanship tradition, the longe line is usually made of round cotton rope, and often much shorter, as short as 15 or 20 feet. In general, cotton longe lines are less likely to burn the trainer's hands than nylon, but nylon is more durable and less likely to break.

It may have a snap, buckle, or chain on one end to attach to a longeing cavesson or bridle. A chain [3], although sometimes used with difficult horses, has no subtly of contact and is quite severe. In most cases, it is best to use a snap-end longe line. Many longe lines have a loop handle at the other end, but this should not be used, as a person's hand can be trapped in the handle and be injured should the horse bolt.

The longe line takes the place of the rein aids while longeing. It can be held in a rein hold (coming out the bottom of the hand) or a driving hold (coming out the top of the hand), and the extra line should always be folded back and forth rather than coiled, as coiled line can tighten and trap the trainer's hand or fingers should the horse take off.

[edit] Longe whip

A horse properly equipped for vaulting with surcingle, leg wraps, side reins, and longeing caveson
A horse properly equipped for vaulting with surcingle, leg wraps, side reins, and longeing caveson

The whip usually has a stock of 6 feet (1.8 m), with a lash of 5–6 feet (1.5–1.8 m) (although some are longer). The whip should be light, easy to handle, and well balanced. It is not safe to use a riding or driving whip for longeing because they are too short to reach the horse without bringing the handler close enough to the horse's hindquarters to risk being kicked by the horse.

[edit] Longeing cavesson

A longeing cavesson or caveson is the most commonly used piece of equipment. It is a type of headstall with three rings on the noseband to which the longe line is attached. The most common point of attachment is the center ring at the top of the cavesson, which allows the horse to go both directions without having to stop and change the adjustment of the line. The two side rings are occasionally used for attachment of the longe line, but more often are used for attachment of side reins or long lines.

The classic design is made of leather, and noseband is usually metal on top with padding beneath, providing good control of the horse, but no risk of injury to the head. Unlike a bridle, there is no chance of damaging the horse's mouth. Newer designs are made of nylon web, similar to some types of halter, with three rings and fleece padding underneath the noseband, often without the metal component. This style is less bulky, less expensive, and available in a very wide range of sizes, but offers less precise control.

A longeing cavesson may be used with or without a bridle. When used with a snaffle bridle, the noseband of the bridle is removed, and the bridle goes over the longeing cavesson, to prevent pinching. The bridle cheekpieces sometimes need to be lengthened so that the bit still rests correctly in the mouth.

When fitting a longe cavesson, the noseband must be on the nasal bone of the horse's nose, not on the cartilage. Nosebands that are too low are very uncomfortable for the horse and, in extreme cases, can cause damage to the cartilage if misused. The throatlatch of the cavesson must be snug enough to keep it from slipping over the horse's eye, or from falling off altogether, but not so tight as to restrict the windpipe if the horse flexes its neck properly in response to pressure from the bit and side reins.

[edit] Use of a bridle alone

On a fully-trained horse, a bridle may be used in lieu of a cavesson [4]. However, the handler must be fairly experienced in proper use, as it is possible to injure a horse's mouth if the line is incorrectly attached or misused. Some sensitive horses may react badly to the attachment of the line to the bit, and some classical dressage masters considered this method to be crude.

The bit used should always be a snaffle. Bit shanks of any kind are dangerous; the line can tangle in them, causing injury to the horse's mouth. The reins should be kept out of the way, either by removing them, or by twisting them once or twice over the neck and then running the throatlatch of the bridle over the reins before buckling it.

The safest method is to run the longe line through the inside bit ring, over the poll, and attach it to the outside bit ring.[5] This method of attaching the line must also be changed each time the horse changes direction. This method has a slight gag effect, raising the bit up and applying pressure on the corners of the mouth and placing pressure on the poll, but puts less lateral pressure on the bit. It is best for horses that pull, or when the trainer is longeing a rider, to ensure maximum control of the horse.

Do not attach the longe line just to the inside bit ring, as the outside ring can slide through the mouth when the line is pulled and damage the horse's mouth. Also do not run the line through the inside bit ring, under the chin, and attach it to the outside bit ring, as this causes the bit to pinch the horse's jaw, alters the action of the bit upward to put pressure on the roof of the horse's mouth, and because it causes more pain than control, the horse often resists the pressure and will not perform properly.

[edit] Halter

Longeing with a halter offers very little control, but may be suitable for basic exercise. This handler would have additional control if the longe line was attached to the side ring rather than under the jaw.
Longeing with a halter offers very little control, but may be suitable for basic exercise. This handler would have additional control if the longe line was attached to the side ring rather than under the jaw.

A halter should only be used for basic exercise when a longeing cavesson or a bridle is not available. It offers very little control, less finesse, and does not give signals as clearly. If a halter is used, it should fit snugly.

When used with a bridle, the halter is placed on over the bridle. This is generally not advisable, but sometimes is done when warming up a horse just prior to competition.

Always attach the longe line to the inside side ring of the halter noseband on a flat web halter, not the ring under the jaw. If it is attached under the jaw, not only is the halter apt to twist and slip out of place, possibly rubbing the horse in the eye and risking injury, but if the horse is disobedient, the handler has virtually no lateral leverage or control. Some rope halters have knots placed on the noseband and crownpiece that may apply some additional pressure if a longe line is placed under the jaw, which is the only place possible on a rope halter. However, it is still difficult to stop a horse that bolts.

[edit] Protective Boots or Bandages

It is best to protect the horse's legs while longeing, as they are more likely to interfere when on a circle. Bell boots and splint boots should be put on the front legs, and brushing boots may be needed on the hind legs as well. Properly applied exercise or polo bandages can also be used.

[edit] Saddles and Surcingles

A saddle is often worn when a horse is longeing. If a horse is longed with a saddle, it is important to make sure the stirrups do not bang against the horse's side. On an English saddle, the stirrups are "run up." To do this, run up the stirrups as they are kept when the saddle is off the horse, then bring the loop of stirrup leather around the stirrup iron before bringing it under the back branch and attaching looping the end of the leather (with the holes in it) through the stirrup leather keeper. Stirrups on a western saddle cannot be run up, so they are usually tied together under the belly of the horse with a piece of twine or rope, though for a very skittish young horse they also can be thrown up over the top of the saddle and tied down in that fashion.

A surcingle or roller is a padded band that straps around the horse's girth area, and has rings around on its side for side reins, or long reins or other training equipment, such as an overcheck. It may also be used on a young horse to get it used to girth pressure. It may be used with or without an English saddle underneath. When used without a saddle, it is best to use a pad underneath, and to fit it as you would a saddle. When used with a saddle, the stirrups should be removed.

[edit] Side Reins

Side reins are usually used for more advanced horses. They give the horse something to take contact with, encourage balance and correct head carriage, help a horse develop self-carriage, and keep the horse from putting its head too low. Side reins may be attached from the bit to the surcingle rings, or from the bit to the billets of the girth.

Side reins are adjusted longer for less-experienced horses, and gradually shortened, and raised higher (from point of shoulder up to the point of hip) as a horse becomes better trained. In any case, the horse should never have its head pulled behind the vertical. For green horses, the side reins should be adjusted so that the horse can take contact with the bit, but does not have to flex beyond its abilities. A good starting point is to adjust the reins so the green horse carries its head approximately 4 inches in front of the vertical.

Side reins should be adjusted so they are the same length on either side, or slightly shorter on the inside. Side reins adjusted too tightly can cause a horse to go behind the bit, deaden the mouth and in extreme cases cause the horse to feel trapped, leading to rearing and the possibility that the horse will flip over.

A horse should always be warmed up and cooled down without the side reins, allowing the neck to stretch down and the back muscles to relax. Side reins are most useful for work in the trot and canter, where the neck, back and hindquarter muscles are engaged. Working a horse in side reins at the walk actually discourages a relaxed, forward-moving gait. Side reins should never be used for jumping, as they restrict the use of the neck too much, and may even cause the horse to fall.

[edit] Equipment for the Trainer

The trainer should wear gloves when longeing, to help prevent rope burns if the horse pulls the line hard. Proper boots are also necessary, and at a minimum, shoes with an enclosed toe are a must. A helmet is also sometimes worn, especially if the horse tends to kick at the trainer. It is wise not to wear spurs, which can get caught on the line and cause the trainer to trip.

[edit] Use of the aids

[edit] Longe line

The longe line takes the place of the rider's rein aids. It may be held like a riding rein, with the line running to the horse held between the fourth and fifth finger, or held like a driving rein, with it running between the thumb and pointer finger. The elbow should be softly bent, and the arm at an approximately 90-degree angle. The horse and handler should not pull, jerk, or "hang" on the line. Like rein aids while riding, signals should be given smoothly and as softly as possible to get the desired response, with aids given by squeezing or turning the hand.

The longe line traveling from the horse to the hand is held in the hand in which direction the horse is moving (so if the horse is working clockwise to the right, the right hand is the leading hand). The extra longe line should be folded, never coiled, in the other hand. If the horse were to take off, a coiled line could tighten around the trainer's hand, dragging the trainer and possibly leading to life-threatening injuries. The loops should not be too large, as they could be stepped on or caught on something.

  • Opening rein: where the lead hand moves to the side and out, away from the trainer's body. It helps to lead the horse forward.
  • Direct rein: a squeeze and release on the line backwards helps to keep the horse from moving out on the circle, causes the horse to bend inward, or asks the horse to make the circle smaller.
  • Indirect rein: where the longe hand moves back and sideways towards the other hip. It asks the horse to slow or halt.
  • Giving the longe: briefly releasing the line towards the horse's head, before re-establishing contact. Acts as a reward, asks the horse to lower its head, or asks the horse to move out onto a larger circle. The line should not drag or become very loose when this is performed.
  • Vibrating: several short, brief squeezes of the longe line. Used to halt or slow the horse down without pulling.
  • Half-halting: as in riding, it is used for re-balancing the horse, calling his attention to the trainer, and prepares him for a command. Must be used in conjunction with the whip and voice.

[edit] Whip

The longe whip takes the place of the rider's legs, asking the horse to move forward or out. It should be held with the tip low, pointing towards the horse's hocks, with the lash dragging on the ground. The whip is held in the hand that the horse is not going (so if the horse were going to the right, the whip would be held in the lunger's left hand). The horse should accept the whip as an aid, but should not be fearful. When the lunger goes toward the horse to adjust equipment, the lash should be caught up and the whip turned backward, under the lunger's arm, so that it does not interfere with the horse.

  • Pointing the whip at the shoulder is used to make the horse move out or stops him from moving inward on the circle.
  • Pointing the whip, and making a forward rotating movement, at the hocks asks the horse to increase speed or impulsion.
  • Pointing the whip in front of the head, going under the longe line, can be used to ask a horse to slow or halt.
  • Cracking the whip should be reserved for extreme cases, such as a horse that refuses to move forward. It should not be overused, or the horse may begin to ignore it. Cracking upsets some horses. If a crack is needed, it should be done behind the hindquarters.
  • Touching the horse with the lash is used to make the horse move strongly forward. The lash is usually applied where the rider's leg would be, in the girth area. It may also be used on the hindquarters, although this causes some horses to kick, or on the shoulder, to prevent the horse from running inward. It is usually used only lightly, in an upward motion. Stinging snaps should be reserved for emergencies.

[edit] Voice

The voice is used in the same manner as when riding. It is used mainly for transitions, praise, or to express displeasure. Although the voice is not commonly used for riding, it is very important in longeing and should be used frequently. Voice commands used in longeing should be identical to any voice commands used when leading or riding the horse, but the most voice commands are used when longeing than at other times.

  • All words used in transitions for longeing should be spoken slowly, clearly and each command should be phonetically distinct from and others. For upward transitions the voice should raise to a higher pitch, downward transitions should lower the pitch.
  • A word, such as the name of the horse, or simply a word like "and..." should be used as a "half-halt," essentially to warn the horse that a command is coming. For example, to ask for walk to trot transition, one would say "and trot."
  • A word other than whoa should be reserved to calm a horse (such as "easy" or "steady"), This word should be spoken in a low tone and calm manner.
  • A word for praise (such as "good boy") should be used frequently whenever the horse responds correctly to a command.
  • A word such as "OUT" should be used to ask the horse to increase the circle size or to help stop the horse from cutting in. It must be used firmly.
  • "QUIT!" should be spoken in a displeased tone when the horse misbehaves (such as he begins kicking). It should be said sharply right when a horse is not compliant. The word "no" should be avoided, as it sounds very similar to "whoa".
  • A trainer may cluck or make another type of chirping or kissing sound to increase speed or impulsion. It is best to cluck when the inside hind leg begins to move forward. Overuse of voice to encourage impulsion will cause a horse to ignore the trainer.

[edit] Longe Area

It is best to longe in an enclosed area. If the horse escapes, it will be easier to catch, and an enclosed area will make him easier to control on the longe. Ideally, a 60 to 70-foot (20-25 m) round pen is used. However, the corner of any enclosed arena or small field may also be used [6]. For safety, it is best if there is no one riding in the longeing area.

The footing should not be slippery or deep, to help prevent slipping and injuries. The ground should be relatively flat (don't longe on a hill), for the horse's balance.

The circle should be large (approx. 20 meters), as smaller circles tend to increase strain on the horse's joints and ligaments.

[edit] Roundpenning, liberty work and "free longeing"

Liberty work at a circus. Henri Toulouse-Lautrec, c. 1887-88
Liberty work at a circus. Henri Toulouse-Lautrec, c. 1887-88

In the field of natural horsemanship, it is a common practice to work a horse loose in a round pen 40 to 70 feet in diameter. (50 to 60 feet is considered standard). This is sometimes called free longeing or work at liberty, because the horse is asked to travel in a circle and obey human commands, only without a longe line attached. The handler uses voice, body language and a lariat or a longe whip to give commands to the horse, eventually teaching it to speed up, slow down, stop and change direction on command.

A variation of these techniques are also used by circus trainers to train horses and other animals, such as elephants to work in a ring for exhibition purposes. Both single animals and groups of animals can be trained to perform at liberty.

These types of liberty work are considered schooling disciplines and to simply turn a horse loose in a small pen and make it run around to get exercise is not free longeing.

[edit] Time Limits

Work in small circles is stressful on a horse's legs, so it is best to limit a longeing session to about 20 minutes. Gaits should be changed frequently, and the horse should be worked for equal time in both directions so that both sides of the horse are worked evenly and to keep the work interesting for the horse.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ "longe". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. (accessed: March 19, 2007).
  2. ^ Hill, Cherry. Longeing and Long Lining, The English and Western Horse: A Total Program. Howell Reference Books, p.1
  3. ^ See, e.g. Loriston-Clark, Jennie Lungeing and Long Reining Book" J.A.Allen & Co Ltd.
  4. ^ The Oxford English Dictionary in its entry under "lunge, longe" quotes the "lungeing" spelling for the verb used as early as 1806 ('You might as safely have backed Bucephalus, before Alexander had lunged him.') and the noun in 1886 ('The colt should be kept going round the lunge, until [etc.].')
  5. ^ Definition and origins of "Longe"
  6. ^ See, e.g. Wynmalen, Henry. Dressage, Podhajsky, Alois. The Complete Training of Horse and Rider.]
  7. ^ Harris, Susan E. The USPC Guide to Longeing and Ground Training. Howell Equestrian Library, 1997. ISBN-10: 0876056400, ISBN-13: 978-0876056400
  8. ^ BHS Preliminary Teaching Test syllabus. Web site accessed February 12, 2008.
  9. ^ Association of British Riding Schools, Advanced Teaching Diploma Examination Syllabus. Web site accessed February 12, 2008.
  10. ^ a b Definition and origins of "Longe"
  11. ^ Translation of allonge
  • Benedik, Linda. Longeing the Rider for a Perfect Seat: A How-to Guide for Riders, Instructors, and Longeurs Trafalgar Square Books, 2007. ISBN-10: 1570763844, ISBN-13: 978-1570763847
  • Esterson, Emily. The Adult Longeing Guide: Exercises to Build an Independent Seat. The Lyons Press, 2008. ISBN-10: 1599211963, ISBN-13: 978-1599211961
  • Harris, Susan E. The USPC Guide to Longeing and Ground Training. Howell Book House, 1997. ISBN-10: 0876056400, ISBN-13: 978-0876056400
  • Hill, Cherry. Longeing and Long Lining, The English and Western Horse: A Total Program. Howell Book House, 1998. ISBN-10: 0876050801, ISBN-13: 978-0876050804
  • Inderwick , Sheila. Lungeing the Horse and Rider. David & Charles PLC, 2003.ISBN-10: 071531596X, ISBN-13: 978-0715315965
  • Loriston-Clark, Jennie. Lungeing and Long-Reining. Half Halt Press, 2004. ISBN-10: 1872119530, ISBN-13: 978-1872119533
  • Richter, Judy. 'The Longeing Book Arco Equestrian Books, Prentice Hall; 1986. ISBN-10: 0668063246, ISBN-13: 978-0668063241
  • Stanier, Sylvia. The Art of Lungeing. J.A.Allen & Co Ltd., 1993. ISBN-10: 0851315739, ISBN-13: 978-0851315737
  • German National Equestrian Federation. Lungeing. Kenilworth Press Ltd., 2003. ISBN-10: 1872082165, ISBN-13: 978-1872082165

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