Log cabin
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A log cabin is a small house built from logs. It is a fairly simple type of log house; they were built both in rural areas and in cities in timber-rich regions, around the world, but particularly in the northern hemisphere. Log structures in the US were first constructed by Swedes in what is now Wilmington, Delaware, c. 1638, and as such were not used by the first English settlers in the United States. There are few log cabins that date from the 18th century still standing in the US; most were not intended as permanent dwellings and as time passed they were often converted into out buildings for coops, animal shelter or other utilitarian uses. When cabins were built with the intention of applying siding, the logs were usually hewn on the outside to facilitate the application of the siding. When logs were hewn on the inside as well they often were covered with a variety of materials, ranging from plaster over lath, or wallpaper. Some older buildings in the American Midwest and the Canadian Prairies are actually log structures covered with clapboards or other materials. Nineteenth century cabins that were used as dwellings were occasionally first plastered on the interior. See the O'Farrell Cabin (ca. 1865) in Boise, Idaho where a backed wallpaper was used over newspaper. Or the C.C.A. Christenson cabin in Ephraim Utah (ca 1880) which was plastered over willow lath. The Utah cabin was a home and later a coop when the property changed hands.
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[edit] Traditional log buildings in North America
Log cabins were built from logs laid horizontally and interlocked on the ends with notches (British English cog joints), although there are many log cabins that are laid up without notches and simply spiked together. This is not common as it is not as structurally sound as notched log walls, but modern building methods allow this short-cut. See the Syringa B&B lodge in Salmon, Idaho as an example.
The most important aspect of cabin building is the site upon which the cabin was built. Site selection provided the cabin with both sun, light and drainage to make the inhabitants better able to cope with the rigors of frontier or rural life, but proper site selection also placed the home in a location that was best suited to manage the farm or ranch of the owners. When the first pioneers built cabins they were able to "cherry pick" the best logs for cabins. These would be old growth trees with few limbs (knots) and be straight with little taper. Logs of this type didn't need to be hewn to fit well together, as careful notching would minimize the size of the chink (space between the logs) and reduce the amount of chinking (sticks or rocks) or daubing (mud) needed to fill the chink.
The length of one log is generally the length of one wall, although this was not a limitation for most good cabin builders.
The process of building a cabin began with the selection of the building site. It may need to be cleared or not. Decisions had to be made about the type of cabin to be built. Styles varied greatly from one part of the US to another. The size of the cabin, the number of stories, type of roof, the orientation of doors and windows all needed to be taken into account when the cabin was laid out. In addition the source of the logs, the source of stone and the available labor either human or animal had to be considered. Timber sources that were further away may have limited the size of the cabin.
Cabins corners were often set on a large rock; if the cabin was large other stones would have been used at other points along the sill (bottom log). Thresholds, since they were usually cut into the sill, were supported with rock as well. These stones are found below the corners of many 19th century cabins even today as they are being restored. Cabins were set on foundations both to keep them out of any damp soil but also to allow for storage or cellars to be constructed below the cabin. Cabins with earth floors have no need for foundations.
Cabins were constructed using a variety of notches. There is considerable confusion about the nature of notch types and possible European connections. Notches can vary within ethnic groups as well as between ethnic groups. It is almost futile to worry about this sort of issue yet one finds discussions of these in many texts. Notches vary on a single building so it is hard to argue that any particular group used one notch type exclusively.
Log cabins can be constructed with either a purlin roof structure or a rafter roof structure. A purlin roof consists of horizontal logs that are notched into the gable wall logs which are progressively shortened to form the characteristic triangular gable end. The steepness of the roof is determined by the reduction in the size of each gable wall log and the number of gable wall logs. Flatter roofed cabins might have only 2 or 3 gable wall logs. Very steep roofs might have as many gable wall logs as a full story. Issues concerning the amount of eave overhang and if there was to be a porch also influenced the layout of the cabin.
The decision about which roof often was based on the sort of material that would be used to cover the roof. Where sawn lumber was available rafters of dimensional lumber became popular. These roofs typify many log cabins built in the 20th century, having full cut 2x4 rafters covered with skip sheeting and cedar shingles. Purlin roofs found in rural settings and locations where sawn lumber was not available often were covered with long hand split shingles that covered two shingles and part of the space between another.
Log cabins reached their peak of complexity and elaboration in the Adirondack style cabins of the mid 18th century. These formed the basis for many United States Park Service lodges built at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. Log cabin building never died out or fell out of favor though it was surpassed by the needs of the a growing urban America. During the 1930s the Civilian Conservation Corps built many log cabins throughout the west for the Forest Service and the Park Service. Timberline Lodge on Mount Hood was built during this time and was dedicated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
In 1930, the world's largest log cabin was constructed as a private resort in Montebello, Quebec, Canada. Often described as a "log château", it now serves as the Château Montebello hotel.
The modern version of a log cabin is the log home which is a house built most often from premilled logs. The logs are quite visible on the exterior and sometimes interior of the house. With the advent of cranes and modern construction and design techniques (such as CAD). These cabins are mass manufactured, traditionally in Scandinavian countries and increasingly in Eastern Europe, using squared milled logs and pre-cut for easy self build. Log homes are popular in rural areas, and even in some suburban locations. In the American West, homes measuring over 3,000 sq ft (280 m²) of log and stone are not uncommon in many resort communities. And kit log homes are major consumers of logs in the US west.
In Europe, modern log cabins are often built in gardens and used as summerhouses, home offices or as an additional room in the garden. Summer houses and cottages are often built from logs in northern Europe.
Chinking refers to the mortar/infill material between the logs in the construction of log cabins and other log-walled structures. Traditionally, dried Pleurozium schreberi and Hylocomium splendens were used in the Nordic countries as an insulator between logs.
[edit] Symbolism
William Henry Harrison and the Whigs used a log cabin as a symbol to show he was a man of the people. Other U.S. political figures after him also used their upbringing in log cabins for the same purpose. It is well known by most Americans that Abraham Lincoln was born in a log cabin. Presidents Andrew Jackson and James Buchanan were also born into log houses. A total of seven United States Presidents were born in log cabins [1]. The connection with Lincoln has caused the cabins to be used by Republicans who call themselves Log Cabin Republicans.
The Log Cabin is also used as a vernacular reference to the Internet. Referring to the solitary, shut-in nature of computer geeks in spite of the internet as a communications technology.
[edit] Toys
There is a very popular children's toy called, Lincoln Logs, consisting of various notched dowel rods, colored like logs. The toy is named after Abraham Lincoln, who was born in a log cabin in rural Kentucky and grew up in one in Indiana.
[edit] Further reading
- Charles McRaven - Building and Restoring the Hewn Log House.
