Livens Projector
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Livens Projector | |
|---|---|
 British soldiers loading and fitting electrical leads to a battery of Livens projectors |
|
| Type | Mortar |
| Place of origin |  United Kingdom |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1916-1918 |
| Used by | British Empire |
| Wars | World War I |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Captain William H. Livens, Royal Engineers |
| Designed | 1916 |
| Number built | 140,000 projectors, 400,000 bombs[1][2] |
| Specifications | |
| Shell | Gas drum |
| Calibre | 8 inch |
| Elevation | 45° |
| Traverse | 0° |
| Maximum range | 1500 m (1.5 km) |
| Filling | Chlorine, Phosgene, Flammable oil |
| Filling weight | 30 lb[3] |
| Detonation mechanism |
Impact |
The Livens Projector was a type of mortar that was used by the Allies in World War I for chemical warfare.
Contents |
[edit] History
It was created by the British army officer Captain William H. Livens of the Royal Engineers.[4] Later, in World War II he worked on petroleum warfare weapons such as the flame fougasse and various other flame throwing weapons.[5][6]
Prior to the invention of the Livens Projector, chemical weapons had been delivered either by "cloud attacks" or chemical-filled shells fired from howitzers. Cloud attacks were made by burying gas filled cylinder tanks just beyond the parapet of the attacker's trenches, and then opening valves on the tanks when the wind was right. This allowed a significant amount of gas to be released, but there was a significant danger that the wind would change and the gas would drift back over the attacker's own troops. Chemical shells were much easier to direct at the enemy, but could not deliver nearly as much gas as could be contained in a cylinder tank.
It was first employed at the Battle of the Somme[7] and remained in the arsenal of the British army until the early years of the Second World War.[8]
[edit] Combat Use
The Livens Projector was designed to combine the advantages of both gas cylinders and shells by firing an actual cylinder tank at the enemy.[9]
The Livens Projector was a simple 8 inch metal pipe that was set in a ground at a 45 degree angle. A drum 7.6 inches in diameter and 20 inches long containing 30 lb (13.61 kg) of gas[3] was shot out with an electrically initiated charge, with a range of about 1500 meters. On impact with the target, a burster charge would disperse the chemical filling over the area.[10]
It was also used to project flammable oil, as with 1,500 drums before the Battle of Messines in June 1917.[11] Oil was also tried on 20 September 1917 during the Battle of Menin Road with 290 projectors in an attempt to capture Eagle Trench east of Langemarck, which included concrete bunkers and machine-gun nests, but the drums did not land in the trenches and hence failed to suppress the German defenders there.[12]
It was a cheap, simple and extremely effective method of delivering chemical weapons. Typically, hundreds (or even thousands) of Livens projectors would be fired in unison during an attack in order to saturate the enemy lines with poison gas.
A British training manual of 1940 summarised thus:
- "The projector is a simple weapon which does not aspire to great accuracy. Its range is limited to about 1,800 yards; the noise of firing is very loud, and at night is accompanied by a vivid flash.
- Projectors are the principal armament of C.W. companies, RE."[13]
[edit] See also
[edit] Surviving examples
- Several barrels with bases are displayed at Sanctuary Wood Museum Hill 62 Zillebeke, Belgium
Bernard Plumier : Link to his web page which has details and photograph Direct link to photograph
[edit] Notes
- ^ Jones 2007, page 43
- ^ National Archive, T 173/330 - Royal Commission on awards to inventors - Livens
- ^ a b Jones 2007, page 42
- ^ Palazzo, 2002, p103.
- ^ LeFebure, 1926, p60
- ^ Banks, 1946, p33
- ^ LeFebure, 1926, p60
- ^ The Use Of Gas In The Field, 1940
- ^ LeFebure, 1926, p48-63
- ^ United State Dept. of War, 1942
- ^ Jones 2007, page 44
- ^ Farndale 1986, page 207. British Official History (Military Operations France & Belgium 1917), page 270
- ^ The Use Of Gas In The Field, 1940
[edit] References
- Banks, Sir Donald. Flame Over Britain. Sampson Low, Marston and Co, 1946.
- LeFebure, Victor. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war. The Chemical Foundation, Inc, 1923
- General Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery. Western Front 1914-18. London: Royal Artillery Institution, 1986
- Simon Jones, World War I Gas Warfare Tactics and Equipment. Osprey Publishing, Oxford, 2007
- Palazzo, Albert. Seeking Victory on the Western Front: The British Army and Chemical Warfare in World War I. University of Nebraska Press, 2002 ISBN 0-8032-8774-7.
- United States Department of War. (1942) Livens Projector M1 TM 3-325
- Operations: Military Training Pamphlet No. 23. Part V - The Use Of Gas In The Field (January 1940) The War Office.
[edit] External links
- Worldscapes : Chemical & Biological Warfare
- Royal Engineers Museum, First World War - Livens Projector
