List of political parties in Romania

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Romania

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Romania
Constitution
President
Government
Parliament
Judiciary
Military
Political parties
Elections
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations
Other countries · Atlas
 Politics Portal
view • talk • edit

Political parties in Romania lists political parties in Romania.

Romania has a multi-party system, with numerous parties in which no one party often has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties must work with each other to form coalition governments.

Contents

[edit] Present-day parliamentary parties

This is a list of present-day political parties in Romania with current (as of 2006) parliamentary representation, in order of the number or representatives they have in the Chamber of Deputies.

  • Social Democratic Party (Partidul Social Democrat, PSD) - social democrat, centre-left - Separated from the National Salvation Front in 1992 as the National Democratic Salvation Front (Frontul Democrat al Salvării Naţionale, FDSN), changed its name to Romanian Party of Social Democracy (Partidul Democraţiei Sociale din România, PDSR) in 1993, absorbed the Romanian Social Democratic Party in 2001, at the same time changing its name to PSD. Despite being the largest single party in the Chamber, they are not one of the current governing parties, and were slightly outnumbered by the Justice and Truth Alliance, a former electoral alliance of the National Liberals and Democrats.
  • National Liberal Party (Partidul Naţional Liberal, PNL) - liberal, centre-right - one of the current governing parties (and a former member of the Justice and Truth Alliance).
  • Democratic Party (Partidul Democrat, PD) - centre-right - separated from the National Salvation Front in 1993. Until April 2007 it was one of the governing parties and a member of the Justice and Truth Alliance, since then in opposition.
  • Liberal Democratic Party (Partidul Liberal Democrat, PLD) - centre-right - split from the PNL in early 2007, supports the president.
  • Greater Romania Party (Partidul România Mare, PRM) - nationalist.
  • Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România, UDMR) - centrist - the only ethnic minority organization with more than one representative in the Parliament, and omnipresent part of coalition governments. All ethnic minority parties in Romania get one seat in the Chamber of Deputies, a unique right in Europe, designed for assuring representation of minorities in the legislature. One of the current governing parties.
  • Conservative Party (Partidul Conservator, PC) - conservative - was founded as the Humanist Party of Romania (Partidul Umanist din România, PUR), a name it changed in 2005.

[edit] Present-day registered political parties

Map of the Romanian counties based on the party of the president of the County Council      Social Democratic Party      National Liberal Party      Democratic Party      Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania      Conservative Party      Greater Romania Party      Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania
Map of the Romanian counties based on the party of the president of the County Council
     Social Democratic Party      National Liberal Party      Democratic Party      Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania      Conservative Party      Greater Romania Party      Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania
Map of the Romanian counties based on the party of the mayor of the county capital      Democratic-Liberal Party      Social Democratic Party      National Liberal Party      Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania      Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party      Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania
Map of the Romanian counties based on the party of the mayor of the county capital
     Democratic-Liberal Party      Social Democratic Party      National Liberal Party      Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania      Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party      Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania

This is the complete list of political parties registered in Romania, current as of October 2006. [1]

Christian Democratic Party Partidul Creştin Democrat
Christian-Democratic People's Party Partidul Popular Creştin-Democrat - PNŢ-CD
Christian Party Partidul Creştin
Communist Party (Nepecerişti) Partidul Comuniştilor (Nepecerişti)
Conservative Party Partidul Conservator
Democratic Force of Romania Partidul Forţa Democrată din România
Democratic Party Partidul Democrat
Democratic Youth Party Partidul Tineretului Democrat
Ecologist Party of Romania Partidul Ecologist Român
Force of Justice Forţa Dreptăţii
"For the Fatherland" Party Partidul "Pentru Patrie"
Greater Romania Party Partidul România Mare
Green Party Partidul Verde
Liberal Democratic Party Partidul Liberal Democrat
National Democratic Christian Party Partidul Naţional Democrat Creştin
National Democratic Bloc Blocul Naţional Democrat
National Initiative Party Partidul Iniţiativa Naţională
National Liberal Party Partidul Naţional Liberal
New Democracy Party Partidul Noua Democraţie
New Generation Party Partidul Noua Generaţie
Party of National Dignity Partidul Demnităţii Naţionale
Party of Pensioneers and Social Protection Partidul Pensionarilor şi Protecţiei Sociale
Party of Unity of the Romanian Nation Partidul Unităţii Naţiunii Române
People's Action Acţiunea Populară
People's Party Partidul Popular
People's Party of Romania Partidul Popular din România
People's Agrarian Party Partidul Popular Agrar
"Romanian Renaissance" Party Partidul "Renaşterea României"
Romanian Socialist Party Partidul Socialist Român
Romanian Workers' Party Partidul Muncitoresc Român
Socialist Alliance Party Partidul Alianţa Socialistă
Social Democratic Party Partidul Social Democrat
Social Democratic Party "Constantin Titel Petrescu" Partidul Social Democrat "Constantin Titel Petrescu"
Third Millennium Party Partidul Mileniului III
Union for Romanian Reconstruction Uniunea pentru Reconstrucţia României
United Socialist Party Partidul Socialist Unit
United Left Party Partidul Stângii Unite
Youth Party of Romania Partidul Tinerilor din România

Political alliance:

Christian Democratic People's Alliance Alianţa Populară Creştin-Democrată

[edit] Present-day ethnic minority parties

Main article: Romanian ethnic minorities parties
Association of Italians of Romania Asociaţia Italienlor din România
Bulgarian Union of the Banat - Romania Uniunea Bulgară din Banat - România
Cultural Union of Ruthenians of Romania Uniunea Culturală a Rutenilor din România
Democratic Forum of Germans of Romania Forumul Democrat al Germanilor din România
Democratic Union of Slovaks and Czechs in Romania Uniunea Democratică a Slovacilor şi Cehilor din România
Democratic Union of Turco-Islamic Tatars of Romania Uniunea Democrată a Tătarilor Turco-Musulmani din România
Federation of Jewish Communities of Romania Federaţia Comunităţilor Evreieşti din România
Greek Union of Romania Uniunea Elenă din România
League of Albanians of Romania Liga Albanezilor din România
Lipovan Russian Community of Romania Comunitatea Ruşilor Lipoveni din România
Party of the Roma Partida Romilor
Turkish Democratic Union of Romania Uniunea Democrată Turcă din România
Union of Armenians of Romania Uniunea Armenilor din România
Union of Croatians of Romania Uniunea Croaţilor din România
Union of Poles of Romania Dom Polski Uniunea Polonezilor din România "Dom Polski"
Union of Serbs of Romania Uniunea Sârbilor din România
Union of Slavic Macedonians of Romania Asociaţia Macedonenilor Slavi din România
Union of Ukrainians of Romania Uniunea Ucrainienilor din România

[edit] Historical Parties

[edit] Other post-1989 parties

Parties no longer active.

Alliance for Romania Alianţa pentru România, ApR Absorbed into National Liberal Party in August 2001.
Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party   Refounded as the Christian-Democratic People's Party; active 1989-2005
Civic Alliance Party Partidul Alianţa Civică, PAC Absorbed into National Liberal Party; active 1991-2003.
Democratic Agrarian Party of Romania Partidul Democrat Agrar din România, PDAR  
Free Exchange Party Partidul Liber-Schimbist, PLS Active 1990-1996.
Liberal Party 1993 Partidul Liberal 1993, PL '93 Absorbed into National Liberal Party; active 1993-1995.
National Christian Democratic Alliance Alianţa Natională Creştin Democrată, ANCD Absorbed into Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party.
National Liberal Party-Câmpeanu Partidul Naţional-Liberal-Câmpeanu, PNL-C Absorbed into National Liberal Party; active 1995-2003.
National Liberal Party-Democratic Convention Partidul Naţional Liberal - Convenţia Democrată, PNL-CD Absorbed into National Liberal Party; 1991-1993.
National Liberal Party Youth Wing Partidul Naţional-Liberal Aripa Tînără, PNLAT Merged into the Liberal Party 1993; active 1990-1992.
Party of Liberty and Social Unity Partidul Libertăţii şi Unităţii Sociale, PLUS Active 1993-1996
Party of Romanian Life Partidul Vieţii Româneşti, PVR  
Romanian Democratic Convention Convenţia Democrată Română, CDR Electoral alliance created in 1992 by Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party, the National Liberal Party, the Civic Alliance Party and others, disbanded in 2000 after the withdrawal of National Liberal Party. The remaining parties formed a new alliance named CDR 2000, but failed to win enough votes to enter Parliament in the 2000 election. CDR 2000 eventually disappeared in January 2001.
Romanian National Unity Party Partidul Unităţii Naţionale a Românilor, PUNR
Romanian Social Democratic Party Partidul Social Democrat Român, PSDR Absorbed into Social Democratic Party in 2001.
Socialist Party Partidul Socialist, PS  
Socialist Party of Labour Partidul Socialist al Muncii, PSM One section absorbed into Social Democratic Party in July 2003, another reconstituted as the Socialist Alliance Party
Union of Right-Wing Forces Uniunea Forţelor de Dreapta, UFD Founded in 1996 as Alternative for Romania Party (Partidul Alternativa României, PAR), changed its name to UFD in 2000, absorbed into National Liberal Party in April 2003.

[edit] Communist-era parties

Although distinct parties in the communist era were not politically relevant, the following were the officially recognized political forces.

Romanian Communist Party Partidul Comunist Român, PCR Known as Romanian Workers' Party (Partidul Muncitoresc Român, PMR) between 1948 and 1965; disestablished in 1989.
Front of Democratic and Socialist Unity Frontul Democraţiei şi Unitaţii Socialiste, FDUS An organization created as an outlet of the PCR; active 1975-1989.
General Union of Romanian Trade Unions Uniunea Generală a Sindicatelor din România, UGSR Active 1948-1989.
Hungarian People's Union Uniunea Populară Maghiară, UPM / Magyar Népi Szövetség, MNSz Created as Union of Hungarian Workers of Romania (Magyar Dolgozók Országos Szövetsége, MADOSZ), in close alliance with the Romanian Communist Party; active 1934-1953
Jewish Democratic Committee Comitetul Democratic Evreiesc In close alliance with the Romanian Communist Party; active 1946-1953.[2]
Ploughmen's Front Frontul Plugarilor Closely associated with the Romanian Communist Party; active 1933-1953.

Other parties were allowed to exist, with unclear status, until mid-1948.[3]

[edit] Parties active between 1918 and 1947

The following parties were all active in Romania in the interwar period and, in some cases, through and after World War II. See also Kingdom of Romania.

Dates of founding and dissolution are given, where known. Failing that, the earliest and latest dates known for activities are given.

Agrarian League Liga Agrară Offshoot of the People's Party; active 1929-1938.
Agrarian Party Partidul Agrar Led by Constantin Argetoianu; active 1932-1938.[4]
Bessarabian Peasants' Party Partidul Ţărănesc din Basarabia, PŢ Founded in the Moldavian Democratic Republic; most of it merged into the Peasants' Party in 1921, a wing led by Ion Inculeţ kept the name and later joined the National Liberal Party; active 1918-1923.[5]
Bloc of Democratic Parties Blocul Partidelor Democrate, BPD A political alliance formed by the Communist Party of Romania, the Social Democratic Party (PSD), the Ploughmen's Front, the National Liberal Party-Tătărescu, the Union of Patriots, and the National Peasants' Party-Anton Alexandrescu; active 1946-1947.[6]
Bolshevik Leninist Group of Romania Grupul Bolşevic Leninist din România A Trotskyist grouping led by David Korner; active 1935.[7]
Citizen Bloc Blocul Cetăţenesc A nationalist party led by Grigore Forţu; active 1934.[8]
Citizen Committees-Dem. I. Dobrescu Comitetele Cetăţeneşti [Dem. I. Dobrescu] A dissident wing of the National Peasants' Party; active 1935-1938.[9]
Communist Party of Romania Partidul Comunist din România, PCdR Founded in 1921 as the Socialist-Communist Party (Partidul Socialist-Comunist), a group that emerged from the Socialist Party of Romania; after 1944 Romanian Communist Party (Partidul Comunist Român, PCR) (PCR); active 1921-1948. Absorbed the Social Democratic Party and renamed itself the Romanian Workers' Party.
Conservative-Democratic Party Partidul Conservator-Democrat An offshoot of the Conservative Party, led by Take Ionescu; merged into the Conservative Nationalist Party; active 1908-1922.
Conservative Nationalist Party Partidul Conservator Naţionalist An offshoot of the Conservative Party, active 1916-c.1935.
Constitutional Front Frontul Constituţional A political alliance formed by the National Liberal Party-Brătianu, the People's Party, the Crusade of Romanianism and the Citizen Bloc; active 1934-1936.[10]
Crusade of Romanianism Cruciada Românismului Fascist party; active 1935-1936.[11]
Democratic Nationalist Party Partidul Naţionalist-Democrat, PND Right-wing nationalist party, active 1910-1938.
Democratic Peasants' Party-Constantin Stere Partidul Ţărănesc-Democrat Constantin Stere, PŢD A dissident wing of the National Peasants' Party, merged with the Radical Peasants' Party-Grigore Iunian; active 1930-1933.[12]
Democratic Peasants' Party-Nicolae L. Lupu Partidul Ţărănesc-Democrat Nicolae L. Lupu, PŢD A dissident wing of the National Peasants' Party; active 1946-1948.[13]
Federation of National-Social Democracy Federaţia Democraţiei Naţional-Sociale An alliance between the Democratic Nationalist Party and the Peasants' Party; active 1920-1922.[14]
Fire Swastika Svastica de Foc Fascist party, an offshoot of the National-Christian Defense League; active 1935-1938.[15]
German Party Partidul German [din România], PGR / Deutsche Partei [in Rumänien] Generally backing the party in government, it became strongly influenced by Nazism after 1936; active 1919-1944.[16]
German People's Party Partidul Poporului German din România, PPGR / Deutsche Volkspartei in Rumänien, DVPR An offshoot of the German Party, active 1935-1938.
Hungarian People's Union Uniunea Populară Maghiară, UPM / Magyar Népi Szövetség, MNSz An offshoot of the Magyar Party, created as Union of Hungarian Workers of Romania (Magyar Dolgozók Országos Szövetsége, MADOSZ), in close alliance with the Communist Party of Romania; active 1934-1953.
Independent Social Democratic Party Partidul Social Democrat Independent, PSDI A dissident wing of the Social Democratic Party, led by Constantin Titel Petrescu; active 1946-1947.[17]
Iron Guard Garda de Fier The usual name of the group founded as the Legion of the Archangel Michael (Legiunea Arhanghelul Mihail or Legiunea Arhanghelului Mihail), running in election first as the "Corneliu Codreanu" Grouping (Gruparea "Corneliu Codreanu") and then as the "Everything For the Fatherland" Party (Partidul "Totul pentru Ţară, TPŢ) - fascist party active between 1927 and c.1944-1945 (with minor groups claiming heritage to this day).
Jewish Democratic Committee Comitetul Democratic Evreiesc In close alliance with the Communist Party of Romania; active 1946-1948.[18]
Jewish Party Partidul Evreiesc Active 1923-1938.[19]
Laborer Party Partidul Muncitor Active 1918; merged into the Peasants' Party.[20]
League Against Usury Liga Contra Cametei Active 1929-c.1931.[21]
Liberal Democratic Party Partidul Liberal-Democrat, PLD Founded as "Free Man" Grouping (Gruparea "Omul Liber") - a dissident wing of the National Liberal Party, led by Jean Th. Florescu; active 1931-1935.[22]
Magyar Party Partidul Maghiar Active 1922-1938.[23]
National-Agrarian Action Acţiunea Naţional-Agrară, ANA An offshoot of the National Peasants' Party, merged into the National Union for Work and Reconstruction; active 1946-1947.[24]
National Agrarian Party Partidul Naţional Agrar, PNA An offshoot of the People's Party, merged into the National Christian Party; active c.1931-1935.[25]
National Awareness Guard Garda Conştiinţei Naţionale, GCN A fascist party formed around Constantin Pancu; active 1919-1922.[26]
National-Christian Defense League Liga Apărării Naţional-Creştine, LANC A far right proto-fascist party, merged into National Christian Party; active 1920-1935.
National Christian Party Partidul Naţional-Creştin, PNC) Fascist party, active 1935-1938.
National-Corporatist League Liga Naţional-Corporatistă A fascist party, led by Mihail Manoilescu; active 1932-1938.[27]
National Democratic Front Frontul Naţional Democratic, FND An alliance between the Communist Party of Romania, the Ploughmen's Front, the Hungarian People's Union, the Union of Patriots, and the Social Democratic Party (the latter withdrew in 1945); active 1944-1948.
National Fascist Movement Mişcarea Naţională Fascistă, MNF Active c.1923.
National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement Mişcarea Naţională Culturală şi Economică Italo-Română Fascist party, merged into the National Fascist Movement; active 1921-1923.[28]
National Liberal Party Partidul Naţional-Liberal, PNL Active 1875-1947.
National Liberal Party-Brătianu Partidul Naţional Liberal-Brătianu, PNL A dissident wing of the National Liberal Party; active 1931-1935.
National Liberal Party-Tătărescu/
National Liberal Party-Bejan		 Partidul Naţional-Liberal-Tătărescu, PNL/
Partidul Naţional-Liberal-Bejan, PNL		 A dissident wing of the National Liberal Party; active 1944-1948.
National Peasants' Party Partidul Naţional Ţărănesc, PNŢ Merger of the Romanian National Party and the National Peasants' Party; active 1926-1947.
National Peasants' Party-Anton Alexandrescu Partidul Naţional Ţărănesc-Anton Alexandrescu, PNŢ An offshoot of the National Peasants' Party, in close alliance with the Romanian Communist Party, merged into the Ploughmen's Front; active 1945-1948.[29]
National Renaissance Front Frontul Renaşterii Naţionale, FRN Renamed Party of the Nation (Partidul Naţunii) in 1940, created as the fascist-inspired single official corporatist party by King Carol II; active 1938-1940.
National Romanian Fascia Fascia Naţională Română Merged into the National Fascist Movement; active c.1920-1923.[30]
National Socialist Party Partidul Naţional-Socialist Fascist party; active 1933.[31]
National Union Uniunea Naţională A 1932 joint ticket of the National Peasants' Party and the Democratic Nationalist Party.
National Union for Work and Reconstruction Uniunea Naţională Muncă şi Refacere, UNMR Led by Constantin Argetoianu, partly merged into the Union of Patriots and the Ploughmen's Front; active 1947.[32]
Peasants' Party Partidul Ţărănesc, PŢ Founded 1918, merged with the Romanian National Party into the National Peasants' Party in 1927.
Peasants' Party-Nicolae L. Lupu Partidul Ţărănesc Nicolae L. Lupu, PŢD A dissident wing of the National Peasants' Party; active 1927-1934.[33]
People's Party Partidul Poporului, PP Founded under the name People's League (Liga Poporului); active 1918-1929.
Ploughmen's Front Frontul Plugarilor Closely associated with the Romanian Communist Party; active 1933-1953.
Progressive Conservative Party Partidul Conservator-Progresist An offshoot of the Conservative Party, led by Alexandru Marghiloman; active in 1918.
Radical Peasants' Party-Grigore Iunian Partidul Ţărănesc-Radical [Grigore Iunian], PŢR A dissident wing of the National Peasants' Party; active 1933-1938.[34]
Romanian Front Frontul Român, FR Far right offshoot of National Peasants' Party; active 1935-c.1944.[35]
Romanian National Party Partidul Naţional Român, PNR Founded inside Austria-Hungary in 1881, merged with the Peasants' Party to form the National Peasants' Party in 1927.
Social Democratic Party Partidul Social Democrat, PSD or PSDR Active 1910-1916, 1927-1947, merged into the Romanian Communist Party.
Romanian Social Democratic Party of Bukovina Partidul Social Democrat din Bucovina Active 1906-1918; founded inside Austria-Hungary, merged into the Socialist Party of Romania.
Social Democratic Party of Transylvania and Banat Partidul Social Democrat din Transilvania şi Banat Active 1906-1918; founded inside Austria-Hungary, it emerged from the Hungarian Social Democratic Party, and merged into the Socialist Party of Romania.
Socialist Party /
Unitary Socialist Party		 Partidul Socialist, PS /
Partidul Socialist Unitar, PSU		 An offshoot of the Social Democratic Party, led by Leon Ghelerter and Gheorghe Popovici; active 1933-1938, 1944.[36]
Socialist Democratic Party Partidul Socialist Democrat, PSD Created by Ioan Flueraş and George Grigorovici; active 1945-1946.[37]
Socialist Party of Romania Partidul Socialist din România, PS Active 1918-1921; formed by members of the Social Democratic Party, it absorbed the Social Democratic Party of Transylvania and Banat and the Romanian Social Democratic Party of Bukovina.
Socialist Peasants' Party Partidul Socialist-Ţărăneasc, PSŢ A dissident wing of the National Peasants' Party, merged into the Ploughmen's Front; active 1943-1944.[38]
Union of Patriots /
National People's Party		 Uniunea Patrioţilor /
Partidul Naţional-Popular, PNP		 In close alliance with the Communist Party of Romania; active 1946-1948.[39]
"Vlad Ţepeş" League Liga "Vlad Ţepeş" Offshoot of the People's Party, led by Grigore Filipescu; active 1929-1938.
Workers and Peasants' Bloc Blocul Muncitoresc-Ţărănesc, BMŢ An umbrella group for the banned Communist Party of Romania; active 1925-1933.

[edit] Parties active before 1918

See also Romanian Old Kingdom

Conservative Party Partidul Conservator Active 1880-1918.
Conservative-Democratic Party Partidul Conservator-Democrat An offshoot of the Conservative Party, led by Take Ionescu; merged into the Conservative Nationalist Party; active 1908-1922.
Conservative Nationalist Party Partidul Conservator Naţionalist An offshoot of the Conservative Party, active 1916-c.1935.
Constitutional Party Partidul Constituţional Active 1891-1907.
Democratic Nationalist Party Partidul Naţionalist-Democrat, PND Right-wing nationalist party; active 1910-1938.
Free and Independent Faction Fracţiunea liberă şi independentă Active 1866-1875; merged into the National Liberal Party.[40]
National Liberal Party Partidul Naţional-Liberal Active 1875-1947.
National Party Partida Naţională Active 1856-1859.
Peasants' Party Partida Ţărănească Active 1895.[41]
Radical Party Partidul Radical A offshoot of the National Liberal Party, led by C. A. Rosetti; active c.1884.[42]
Romanian Social Democratic Party Partidul Social Democrat din România, PSDR Merged into the Romanian Communist Party; active 1910-1916, 1927-1947.
Romanian Social-Democratic Workers' Party Partidul Social-Democrat al Muncitorilor din România, PSDMR Active 1893-1899; most of it merged into the National Liberal Party.

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Registrul partidelor politice, Legea Nr. 14/2003. Tribunalul Bucureşti. Accessed 7 October 2006
  2. ^ Ştefan
  3. ^ Frunză, p.357
  4. ^ Veiga, p.215
  5. ^ Niculae et al., p.12
  6. ^ Ştefan
  7. ^ How the Bolshevik-Leninist Group of Romania was Founded (with introduction), at the Marxists Internet Archive; retrieved July 19, 2007
  8. ^ Gruber, Cap. V
  9. ^ Niculae et al., p.15
  10. ^ Gruber, Cap. V
  11. ^ Veiga, p.228-230
  12. ^ Niculae et al., p.14
  13. ^ Frunză, p.299; Niculae et al., p.16, 45; Videnie, p.46
  14. ^ Constantinescu
  15. ^ Veiga, p.215
  16. ^ Germanii, on Divers.ro
  17. ^ Frunză, p.282
  18. ^ Ştefan
  19. ^ Evreii, on Divers.ro
  20. ^ Niculae et al., p.9
  21. ^ Mihailov
  22. ^ Tineretul Liberal Gorj; Marian Ştefănescu, Jean Th. Florescu şi misiunea sa la Madrid
  23. ^ Maghiarii, on Divers.ro
  24. ^ Otu
  25. ^ Veiga, p.215, 224
  26. ^ Veiga, p.45-49
  27. ^ Veiga, p.214
  28. ^ Veiga, p.163
  29. ^ Frunză, p.118-119, 299; Niculae et al., p.16; Videnie, p.46
  30. ^ Veiga, p.179
  31. ^ Veiga, p.133, 163, 254, 255
  32. ^ Otu
  33. ^ Niculae et al., p.14, 15
  34. ^ Niculae et al., p.14-15
  35. ^ Niculae et al., p.15; Veiga, p.215
  36. ^ 110 ani de social-democraţie, p.5, 21; Frunză, p.203-204, 214
  37. ^ 110 ani de social-democraţie, p.6, 24
  38. ^ Frunză, p.116, 125, 187
  39. ^ Frunză, p.117; Marin, "II. Viaţa şi opera lui G. Călinescu sub comunism"
  40. ^ Ornea
  41. ^ Niculae et al., p.39
  42. ^ Ornea

[edit] References

[edit] External links

v • d • e
List of political parties in Europe
Sovereign
states

Albania · Andorra · Armenia1 · Austria · Azerbaijan2 · Belarus · Belgium · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Croatia · Cyprus1 · Czech Republic · Denmark4 · Estonia · Finland · France4, 5, 6 · Georgia2 · Germany · Greece · Hungary · Iceland · Republic of Ireland · Italy · Kazakhstan3 · Latvia · Liechtenstein · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Republic of Macedonia · Malta · Moldova · Monaco · Montenegro · Netherlands · Norway · Poland · Portugal · Romania · Russia3 · San Marino · Serbia · Slovakia · Slovenia · Spain6 · Sweden · Switzerland · Turkey3 · Ukraine · United Kingdom (England • Northern Ireland • Scotland • Wales)
Dependencies,
autonomies,
other territories

Abkhazia 2 · Adjara1 · Akrotiri and Dhekelia · Åland · Azores · Crimea · Faroe Islands · Gagauzia · Gibraltar · Greenland7 · Guernsey · Jan Mayen · Jersey · Kosovo · Isle of Man · Madeira8 · Nagorno-Karabakh1 · Nakhchivan1 · Northern Cyprus1 · Republika Srpska · South Ossetia 2 · Svalbard · Transnistria
Italics indicates an unrecognised or partially recognised country. 1 Entirely in Southwest Asia.  2 Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on the border definitions.  3 / 4 / 5 / 6 Has part of its territory in Asia / North America / South America / Africa.  7 / 8 Entirely on the North American Plate / African Plate.