List of people who converted to Christianity
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The following is a list of notable people who converted to Christianity from a different religion or no religion. This article addresses only past voluntary professions of faith by the individuals listed, and is not intended to address ethnic, cultural, or other considerations. Certain people listed here may be lapsed or former converts, or their current religious identity may be ambiguous, uncertain or disputed. Such cases are noted in their list entries.
Contents |
[edit] List of notable converts to Christianity
[edit] From agnosticism or atheism
- Mortimer Adler - Philosopher.
- Steve Beren - Former member of the Socialist Workers Party (United States) who became a Christian conservative politician.[1]
- Anders Borg - Sweden's Minister for Finance.[2]
- Kirk Cameron - Actor, star of Growing Pains (former atheist)[3]
- Bruce Cockburn - Canadian folk/rock guitarist and singer/songwriter. (former agnostic)[4]
- Francis Collins - physician-geneticist, noted for his landmark discoveries of disease genes, and the director of the National Human Genome Research Institute (former atheist)[5]
- Larry Flynt - American publisher and pornographer; briefly converted under the auspice of Ruth Carter Stapleton.[6]
- Joy Gresham - American writer and wife of C.S. Lewis (former atheist)[7]
- Keir Hardie - Scottish socialist who founded the Labour Party
- Anna Haycraft - Raised in Auguste Comte's atheistic "church of humanity", but became a conservative Catholic in adulthood.[8]
- Ignace Lepp - French psychiatrist whose parents were freethinkers and who joined the Communist party at age fifteen. He broke with the party in 1937 and eventually became a Catholic priest.[9]
- Félix Leseur - Doctor turned priest. His conversion, in part, came by efforts of his wife who was declared a Servant of God by the Catholic Church.[10]
- Khang Khek Leu (also known as Comrade Duch) - Cambodian director of Phnom Penh's infamous Tuol Sleng detention center[11]
- C.S. Lewis - Oxford professor and writer; well known for the The Chronicles of Narnia series, and for his apologetic Mere Christianity.[12]
- Gabriel Marcel - French philosopher and playwright (former agnostic).[13]
- Norma McCorvey - "Jane Roe" in Roe v. Wade[14]
- Alister McGrath - Biochemist and Christian theologian. Founder of 'Scientific theology' and critic of Richard Dawkins in his book Dawkins' God: Genes, Memes, and the Meaning of Life [15]
- Lacey Mosley - Vocalist and lyricist for Alternative metal band Flyleaf.[16]
- William J. Murray - author and son of atheist activist Madalyn Murray O'Hair[17]
- Bernard Nathanson Medical doctor who was a founding member of NARAL, later becoming a Pro-Life proponent.[18]
- Marvin Olasky - Former Marxist turned Christian conservative, he edits the Christian World (magazine).[19][20]
- Enoch Powell - Conservative Party (UK) member who converted to Anglicanism.[21]
- George R. Price - Geneticist who became an Evangelical Christian and wrote about the New Testament. Later he moderated his evangelistic tendencies and switched from religious writing to working with the homeless.[22][23]
- Gerald Priestland - News correspondent who discusses having once been the "school atheist" in Something Understood: An Autobiography. He became a Quaker after an emotional breakdown.[24]
- Anne Rice - author of Interview with the Vampire[25]
- Dame Cicely Saunders - Templeton Prize and Conrad N. Hilton Humanitarian Prize winning nurse known for palliative care. She converted to Christianity as a young woman.[26]
- Edith Stein - Phenomenologist philosopher who converted to Catholicism and became a Discalced Carmelite nun; declared a saint by John Paul II.[27]
- Peter Steele - Lead singer of Type O Negative.[28]
- Lee Strobel - Author of The Case for Christ (former atheist)[29]
- Evelyn Waugh - British writer (former agnostic). [30]
- Fay Weldon - British novelist and feminist.[31]
- Monty White - British Young Earth Creationist (former atheist)[32]
- John C. Wright - Science fiction author.[33]
[edit] From Buddhism
- David Yonggi Cho - Korean Christian leader; Senior Pastor of the Yoido Full Gospel Church.[34]
- Mitsuo Fuchida - Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service Captain noted for involvement in the attack on Pearl Harbor. He later became a Christian evangelist.[35][36]
- Jaruvan Maintaka - Auditor-General (Thai: ผู้ว่าการตรวจเงินแผ่นดิน) of the Kingdom of Thailand[37]
- Chieko N. Okazaki - Relief Society counselor (convert to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints)[38]
- Talduwe Somarama - Former Buddhist monk and assassin.[39]
- Charlie Soong - Chinese missionary[40]
[edit] From Cao Dai
- Phan Thị Kim Phúc - Subject of a Pulitzer Prize winning photograph by "Nick" Ut[41], she now heads a fund for children victims of war.[42]
[edit] From Confucianism
Note: It is debated whether Confucianism is a religion and some Confucians who became Christians considered themselves to remain Confucian in philosophy.
- Hong Sa-ik - a Korean-Japanese WWII General who was executed for war crimes after the war.[43]
- Heup Young Kim - Theologian and member of the International Society for Science and Religion[44]
- Nakamura Masanao - Member of the Meirokusha who was baptized, largely retained the Confucian ideals that were compatible with Christianity.[45]
- Xi Shengmo - Chinese Christian leader.[46]
[edit] From Hinduism
- Tal Brooke (former follower of Sathya Sai Baba)- Christian apologist[47]
- Bobby Jindal - Indian American politician. Governor of Louisiana, 1st person of South Asian descent to be a United States governor. Presently the highest ranking Indian in the United States Government. [48]
- Jayasudha - South Indian actress.[49]
- Sister Nirmala- succeeded Mother Teresa as Superior General of the Missionaries of Charity in March 1997.[50]
- Pandita Ramabai - Indian Social Reformer[51]
- Krishna Pal- First Indian convert to Christianity due to the missionary activity of William Carey; Subsequently preached the gospel for 20 years, before his passing [33]
- Ravi Zacharias- Popular Canadian-American evangelist, speaker, scholar, and author
- Ramesh Ponuru - Writer and Editor for conservative magazine National Review [52]
- Michael Madhusudan Dutt - Great Bengali poet [34]
- Gnanendramohan Tagore - First Asian to be called to the bar in England
- Krishna Mohan Banerjee - Prominent educator, linguist, and missionary
[edit] From Islam
- Magdi Allam - Italy's most famous Islamic affairs journalist.[54]
- Hussain Andaryas - Afghan Christian activist and and tele-evangelist.[55]
- Josephine Bakhita - Roman Catholic saint from Darfur, Sudan.[56]
- Abo of Tiflis - Christian activist and the Patron Saint of the city of Tbilisi, Georgia.[57]
- Utameshgaray of Kazan - Khan of Kazan Khanate.[58]
- Yadegar Moxammat of Kazan - Last khan of Kazan Khanate. [59]
- Sayed Borhan khan - Khan of Qasim Khanate from 1627 to 1679.[60]
- The Sibirsky family - The foremost of many Genghisid (Shaybanid) noble families formerly living in Russia.[61]
- The Shihab family - Prominent Lebanese noble family. The family originally belonged to Sunni Islam and converted to Christianity at the end of the 18th century.[62]
- Jacob Frank - 18th century Jewish religious leader who claimed to be the reincarnation of the self-proclaimed messiah Sabbatai Zevi, and also of King David. Frank publicly converted to Islam in 1757 and later to Christianity at Poland in 1759, but actually presented himself as the Messiah of a syncretic derivation of Shabbatai Zevi's Messianism now referred to as Frankism.[63]
- Walid Shoebat - American author and former member of the PLO.[64]
- Hassan Dehqani-Tafti - Anglican Bishop of Iran from 1961 to 1990.[65]
- Nonie Darwish - Egyptian-American writer and public speaker.[66]
- Mehdi Dibaj - Iranian pastor and Christian activist.[67]
- Eldridge Cleaver - Author, prominent American civil rights leader, and key member of the Black Panther Party. He converted to Mormonism.[68] [69]
- Ghorban Tourani - Former Iranian Sunni Muslim who became a Christian minister. Following multiple murder threats , he was abducted and murdered on November 22, 2005.[70]
- Jean-Bédel Bokassa - Central African Republic Emperor (from Christianity to Islam back to Christianity).[71]
- Patrick Sookhdeo - British Anglican canon[72]
- Mark A. Gabriel- Egyptian Islamic scholar and writer[73]
- Akbar Gbaja-Biamila - American football player.[74][75]
- Alexander Kazembek - Russian Orientalist, historian and philologist of Azeri origin .[76]
- Kabeer Gbaja-Biamila - American football player.[77]
- Qadry Ismail - Former American football player.[78]
- Raghib Ismail - Former American football player.[79]
- Djibril Cissé - French international football player of Ivorian descent.[80]
- Tunch Ilkin - Former American football player.[81]
- Lina Joy - Malaysian convert to Christianity. The desire to have her conversion recognized was the subject of a court case in Malaysia.[82]
- Carlos Menem - Former President of Argentina. Raised a Muslim but converted to Roman Catholicism, the official religion of Argentina, due to his political aspirations. [83]
- Marina Nemat - Canadian author of Iranian descent and former political prisoner of the Iranian government. Born into a Christian family, she converted to Islam in order to avoid execution but later reverted to Christianity.[84]
- George Weah - Liberian soccer player (from Christianity to Islam back to Christianity).[85]
- Nazli Sabri - Queen consort of Egypt. [86] [87]
- Tuğçe Kazaz - Turkish model who was Miss Turkey in 2001.[89]
- Begum Samru - Powerful lady of north India, ruling a large area from Sardhana, Uttar Pradesh.[90]
- Abdul Rahman - Afghan convert to Christianity who escaped the death penalty because of foreign pressure.[91]
- Mathieu Kérékou- President of Benin (from Christianity to Islam back to Christianity).[92]
- Emily Ruete - (born Sayyida Salme) Princess of Zanzibar and Oman. [93] [94][95]
- Ahmed the Calligrapher - 17th century Christian martyr and official of the Ottoman Empire.[96]
- Emir Kusturica - Bosnian filmmaker and actor.[88][97]
- Daniel Ali- Iraqi Kurdish Christian author, speaker and Islamic scholar.; evangelizes in Catholic, Protestant and Messianic Jewish circles. [98][99]
- Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky - Russian officer of Circassian origin who led the first Russian military expedition into Central Asia.[100]
- Umar ibn Hafsun - Leader of anti-Ummayad dynasty forces in southern Iberia. Hafsun converted to Christianity with his sons and ruled over several mountain valleys for nearly fifty years, having the castle Bobastro as his residence.[101]
- Aurelius and Natalia - Christian martyrs who were put to death during the reign of Abd ar-Rahman II, Caliph of Córdoba for apostasy.[102]
- Johannes Avetaranian - (born Muhammad Shukri Efendi), Christian missionary and Turkish descendent of Prophet Muhammad.[103]
- Hamid Pourmand - Former Iranian army colonel and lay leader of the Jama'at-e Rabbani, the Iranian branch of the Assemblies of God church in Iran. [104]
- Donald Fareed - Iranian Christian tele-evangelist and minister.[105]
- Daveed Gartenstein-Ross- Counter-terrorism expert and attorney (from Judaism to Islam to Christianity).[106][107]
- Ibrahim Abdullah - American former PLO terrorist. [108]
- Zachariah Anani - Former Sunni Muslim Lebanese militia fighter [109]
- Malika Oufkir - Author, activist and former prisoner of the Moroccan Royal Family. [110]
- Ruffa Gutierrez - Filipina actress, model and former beauty queen (from Christianity to Islam back to Christianity)[113]
- Fadhma Aït Mansour - Mother of French writers Jean Amrouche and Taos Amrouche. [114]
- Imad ud-din Lahiz - Prolific Islamic writer, preacher and Quranic translator.[115]
- Dr. Nur Luke - Uyghur Bible translator. [116]
- Hakan Tastan and Turan Topal - Two Turkish Christian converts who went on trial in 2006, on charges of "allegedly insulting 'Turkishness' and inciting religious hatred against Islam".[117]
- Mohammed Hegazy - First Egyptian Muslim convert to Christianity to seek official recognition of his conversion from the Egyptian Government.[118]
- Francis Bok - Sudanese-American activist, convert to Islam from Christianity; but later returned to his Christian faith.[119]
- Josef Mässrur - (born Ghäsim Khan) missionary to Chinese Turkestan with the Mission Union of Sweden.[120]
- Gulshan Esther - Pakistani convert from Islam to Christianity.[121]
- Ubayd-Allah ibn Jahsh - Brother of Zaynab bint Jahsh, the wife of Prophet Muhammad and one of the male Sahaba (companions of the Prophet).[122]
- Jabalah ibn al-Aiham - last ruler of the Ghassanid state in Syria and Jordan in the seventh century AD. After the Islamic conquest of Levant he converted to Islam in AD 638. He reverted to Christianity later on and lived in Anatolia until he died in AD 645.[123]
- Constantine the African - Baghdad-educated Muslim who died in 1087 as a Christian monk at Monte Cassino. [124][125]
- Estevanico - Berber originally from Morocco and one of the early explorers of the Southwestern United States.[126]
- Abraham of Bulgaria - Martyr and saint of the Russian Orthodox Church. [127]
- St. Adolphus - Christian martyr who was put to death along with his brother, John, by Abd ar-Rahman II, Caliph of Córdoba for apostasy. [128]
- Nasir Siddiki - Canadian evangelist, author, and business consultant.[129]
- Matthew Ashimolowo - Nigerian-born British pastor and evangelist.[130]
- Stefan Razvan - Gypsy prince who ruled Moldavia for six months in 1595.[131]
- Skanderbeg - Albanian monarch and military leader. Skanderbeg converted to Islam from Christianity but reverted back to Christianity later in life. [53]
- Amir Sjarifuddin - Indonesian socialist leader who later became the prime minister of Indonesia during its National Revolution. [132]
- Dr.Thomas Yayi Boni - President of Benin. [133]
- Al-Mu'eiyyad - Abbasid prince and third son of Abbasid caliph, Al-Mutawakkil. He was converted to Christianity along with his three confidants by St. Theodore of Edessa, accepting the name "John" upon baptism.[134][135]
- Aben Humeya - (born Fernando de Valor) Morisco Chief who was crowned the Emir of Andalusia by his followers and led the Morisco Revolt against Philip II of Spain.[136]
- Sheikh Ahmed Barzani - Head of Barzani Tribe in Iraqi Kurdistan and older brother of Mustafa Barzani, Kurdish nationalist leader. He announced his conversion to Christianity in 1931 during the anti-government uprising.[137]
- Ramzi Yousef - Al Qaeda member and the main participant in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. [111][112]
- Rudolf Carl von Slatin - Anglo-Austrian soldier and administrator in the Sudan.[138]
- Shams Pahlavi - Iranian princess and the elder sister of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran.[139]
- Saye Zerbo - President of the republic of Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) [140]
- Naveed Afzal Haq - Pakistani American charged for the July 2006 Seattle Jewish Federation shooting. He converted to Christianity in December, 2005 but reverted to Islam by the time of the shooting.[141]
- Hakeem Seriki (AKA Chamillionaire) - American rapper[142][143]
[edit] From Judaism
The Jewish Encyclopedia gives some statistics on conversion of Jews to Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, and Orthodox Christianity (which it calls "Greek Catholicism").[144] Some 2,000 European Jews converted to Christianity every year during the 19th century, but in the 1890s the number was running closer to 3,000 per year, — 1,000 in Austria Hungary (Galizian Poland), 1,000 in Russia (Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, and Lithuania), 500 in Germany (Posen), and the remainder in the English world.
- The Apostle Paul - As a Pharisee (a Judaic leader), Saul of Tarsus was an enemy of the Church and a persecutor of its believers. A vision while travelling left him temporarally blind and led him to be one of the most prominent Christians (Act 9:5) and author of many New Testament epistles. His name was changed to Paul.[145]
- Abd-al-Masih - a convert martyred for his faith [146]
- Michael Solomon Alexander - former Rabbi and first Anglican Bishop of Jerusalem[147]
- Petrus Alphonsi - physician in ordinary to King Alfonso VI of Castile[148]
- Juan Alfonso de Baena - medieval Castillian troubadour[149]
- Lovisa Augusti- opera singer and actress.[150]
- Eduard Bendemann - German painter[151]
- Sir Julius Benedict - English composer[151]
- Leo de Benedicto Christiano - medieval financier[152]
- Theodor Benfey - German philologist[151]
- Michael Bernays - German professor of literature[151]
- Gottfried Bernhardy - German philologist and literary historian[151]
- Ludwig Börne - German political writer and satirist[151]
- John Braham - English tenor opera star[151]
- Moritz Wilhelm August Breidenbach - German jurist[151]
- Julius Friedrich Cohnheim - German pathologist[151]
- Isaac da Costa - Dutch language poet[151]
- Abraham Capadose - Dutch physician and writer; friend of Isaac da Costa[151]
- Carl Paul Caspari - Norwegian theologian[151]
- Jehuda Cresques - Catalan cartographer[153]
- Ferdinand David - German virtuoso violinist and composer[151]
- Ludwig Dessoir - German actor[151]
- Benjamin Disraeli - British Prime Minister and leader of the British Conservative Party in the 19th century[154]
- Alfred Döblin - German expressionist novelist[155]
- Bob Dylan - popular musician who converted to Christianity in 1979.[156] He later began studying with Chabad, a branch of Hasidic Judaism,[157] though his current religious affiliation is uncertain.
- Alfred Edersheim - Biblical scholar[151]
- Rachel Felix - French-Swiss theatre actress[151]
- Pero Ferrús - Castilian poet[158]
- Achille Fould - French financier and politician[151]
- Jacob Frank - 18th century Jewish reformer[159]
- Heinrich von Friedberg - German jurist and statesman[160]
- Ludwig Friedländer - German philologist[151]
- Arnold Fruchtenbaum - Founder of Ariel Ministries [161]
- Eduard Gans - German philosopher and jurist, exponent of the conservative Right Hegelians[162]
- Hermann Mayer Salomon Goldschmidt - German astronomer and painter[151]
- Heinrich Heine - German writer[151]
- Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle - German physician, pathologist and anatomist[151]
- Jorge Isaacs - Colombian writer, politician and soldier[163]
- Heinrich Jacoby - German educator[151]
- Georg Jellinek - German legal philosopher[164]
- William Herschel - British astronomer[165]
- Paul S. L. Johnson - American scholar and pastor[166]
- David Kalisch - German playwright and humorist[151]
- Felix Philipp Kanitz - Austro-Hungarian naturalist, geographer, ethnographer, archaeologist and author of travel notes[167]
- Leopold Kronecker - German mathematician and logician[151]
- Hermann Lebert - German physician[151]
- Karl Lehrs - German classical scholar[168]
- Osip Mikhailovich Lerner - 19th century Russian intellectual and lawyer[169]
- Fanny Lewald - German author[151]
- Jean-Marie Cardinal Lustiger- Cardinal, former Archbishop of Paris [170]
- Heinrich Gustav Magnus - German chemist and physicist[151]
- Ludwig Immanuel Magnus - German mathematician[151]
- Gustav Mahler - Composer (1860-1911)[171]
- Felix Mendelssohn - composer (1809-1847)[151]
- Karl Friedrich Neumann - German orientalist[151]
- Albert Oppenheim - son of Salomon Oppenheim, member of the Oppenheim Family
- Harry Frederick Oppenheimer - South African businessman[172]
- Francis Palgrave - English historian[151]
- Corey Pavin - PGA golfer[173]
- Johannes Pfefferkorn - German theologian and writer[151]
- Friedrich Adolf Philippi - German Lutheran theologian[151]
- Lorenzo Da Ponte - Italian librettist[151]
- Harry Reems - Adult film actor.[174]
- David Ricardo - English political economist[151]
- Gillian Rose - British philosopher and sociologist[175]
- Moishe Rosen - Founder of Jews for Jesus[176]
- Anton Rubinstein - Russian pianist, composer, and conductor[151]
- Samuel Isaac Joseph Schereschewsky - Episcopal Bishop of Shanghai, founder of Saint John's University, Shanghai, bible translator[177]
- Martin Eduard von Simson - German jurist and politician[151]
- Dan Spitz - lead guitarist of the heavy metal band Anthrax[178]
- Friedrich Julius Stahl - Prussian jurist and conservative thinker[151]
- Edith Stein - Nun, martyr, saint. [179]
- Nicolae Steinhardt - Romanian writer, Orthodox hermit and father confessor.
- Mordechai Vanunu - considered a whistle-blower on Israel's nuclear programme who was subsequently kidnapped, tried and imprisoned by Israel.[180]
- Rahel Varnhagen (born Rahel Levin) - writer and saloniste[151]
- Otto Weininger - Austrian philosopher[181]
- Joseph Wolff - German missionary[151]
- Sir Moses Ximenes - 18th century English merchant[151]
- David Levy Yulee, United States Senator from Florida[182]
- Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. - American actor[183][184][185]
- Israel Zolli - former Chief Rabbi of Rome[186]
[edit] From Manichaeanism
[edit] From Paganism
Paganism is a term which, from a Western perspective, has come to connote a broad set of spiritual or cultic practices or beliefs of any folk religion, and of historical and contemporary polytheistic religions in particular.
While the term has historically been used to denote adherents of any non-Abrahamic faith, for the purposes of this list, only adherents of non-major polytheistic, shamanistic, pantheistic, or animistic religions will be listed in this section.
- Aebbe the Elder - Scottish monastic founder.[188]
- Saint Alban - first Christian martyr in Britain.[189]
- Saint Apollonius - 2nd century Roman Senator, Christian apologist and martyr.[190]
- Charles Atangana - paramount chief of the Ewondo and Bane ethnic groups in Cameroon; first Ewondo to be baptised.[191]
- Francis Arinze - Nigerian Roman Catholic cardinal.[192]
- Athenagoras of Athens - philosopher and early Christian apologist.[193]
- Saint Barbara - Orthodox Christian martyr.[146]
- Saint Bavo - eremitic monk who lived during the Dark Ages.[194]
- Borivoj I of Bohemia - Duke of Bohemia (852/853 - 888/889).[195]
- Boris I of Bulgaria - Bulgarian ruler and monk.[196]
- Pertinax of Byzantium - Bishop of Byzantium from 169 until his death in 187.[197]
- Cenwalh of Wessex - King of Wessex.[198]
- Clovis I - early king of the Franks.[199]
- Coelia Concordia - last Roman Vestal Virgin.[200]
- Commodianus - Latin poet; first praciced Judaism, and later converted to Christianity.[201]
- Constantine I (the Great) - Roman Emperor who legalized Christianity in the Edict of Milan in 313.[202]
- Constantine of Cornwall - 6th century king of Dumnonia.[203]
- Saint Constantine of Strathclyde - King of Strathclyde, and later abbot of Rahan.[204]
- Samuel Ajayi Crowther - first African Anglican bishop in Nigeria.[205]
- Cynegils - Anglo-Saxon king of the West Saxons.[206]
- Saint Cyriacus - early Christian saint.[207]
- Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite - judge of the Areopagus and early Bishop of Athens.[208]
- Raedwald of East Anglia - King of East Anglia from about AD 599 to about AD 625.[209]
- Sigeberht of East Anglia - King of East Anglia from AD 631 to 634.[210]
- Leif Ericson - Icelandic Viking explorer.[211]
- Saint Eustace - early Christian who was martyred, with his family, in a brazen bull.[212]
- Evodius - early Bishop of Antioch who (according to tradition) first called the disciples of Christ "Christians".[213]
- Gaius Marius Victorinus - Roman philosopher.[214]
- Gelelemend - A prominent Lenape convert to the Moravian Church.
- Riderch Hael - King of Strathclyde who established the first See of Strathclyde at Glasgow.[215]
- Hone Heke - Māori chief and war leader in New Zealand.[216]
- Honoratus - former Archbishop of Arles.[217]
- Horapollo - leader of the few remaining pagan schools of Menouthis during Emperor Zeno's reign (474-491 CE) who converted to Christianity after being tortured.[218]
- Jogaila - former King of Poland.[219]
- Saint Julius the Veteran - early Christian martyr.[220]
- Queen Kaʻahumanu - Hawaiian monarch, wife of Kamehameha I.[221]
- Helen Kalvak - Inuit artist from Ulukhaktok, Northwest Territories, Canada.[222]
- Ethelbert of Kent - King of Kent.[223]
- Jomo Kenyatta - first Prime Minister and President of Kenya.[224]
- Vladimir I of Kiev - Grand Prince of Kiev.[225]
- Guthrum of East Anglia - King of the Danish Vikings in the Danelaw.[226]
- Lactantius - early Christian author.[227]
- Saint Ludmila - Orthodox Christian saint and martyr.[228]
- Bernard Mizeki - African Christian missionary and martyr.[229]
- Justin Martyr - early Christian apologist.[230]
- Peada of Mercia - King of southern Mercia; helped found the monastery at Peterborough.[231]
- Tāmati Wāka Nene - Māori chief who fought as an ally of the British in the Flagstaff War.[232]
- Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba - Queen of Ndongo and Matamba in the 16th century.[233]
- Leonard of Noblac - Frankish noble in the court of Clovis I.[234]
- Rollo of Normandy - Founder of Viking province of Normandy.[235]
- Samson Occom - Mohegan minister.[236]
- Edwin of Northumbria - King of Deira and Bernicia.[237]
- Saint Olaf - King of Norway.[238]
- Saint Pancras - early Roman Christian martyr.[239]
- Saint Pantaleon (Panteleimon) - early Christian physician and martyr.[240]
- Pocahontas - Native American celebrity in 17th century London.[241]
- Polycarp - early Christian bishop.[242]
- Rabbula - early Bishop of Edessa.[243]
- Ranavalona II - Queen of Madagascar.[244]
- Rorik of Dorestad - Danish Viking leader.[245]
- Rumwold - legendary "infant saint".[246]
- Sabinian of Troyes - Christian martyr.[247]
- Joseph Shabalala - lead singer, founder and musical director of Ladysmith Black Mambazo.[248]
- Tertullian - Church leader and author
- Theophilus of Antioch - early Patriarch of Antioch.[249]
- Waraqah ibn Nawfal - Parental cousin of Khadija, Prophet Muhammad's first wife.[250]
[edit] From Sikhism
- Bakht Singh - Indian Christian [251]
- Duleep Singh - Maharajah of Punjab (later re-initiated into Sikhism in 1886).[252]
- Sadhu Sundar Singh - Indian Christian [253]
[edit] From Zoroastrianism
[edit] Prior religion undetermined
- Spencer Chamberlain - Lead vocalist of the Christian metalcore band Underoath, was not raised in a religious home.[254]
- Tony Fontane - popular recording artist in the 1940s and 1950s[255]
- René Girard - philosophical anthropologist[256]
[edit] See also
- List of people by belief
- List of Catholic converts
- List of converts to Hinduism
- List of converts to Islam
- List of converts to Buddhism
- List of converts to Judaism
- List of converts to Sikhism
- List of former Christians
- List of former Muslims
[edit] Notes and references
- ^ Seattle Times "In 1975, he threw off his atheism and became a Christian."
- ^ Wall Street Journal
- ^ Sin: An Honest Mistake?, by Kirk Cameron, Boundless Webzine. From the introduction: "But much more noteworthy than his acting career was his conversion to Christianity. Kirk was not raised in a church-going home and described himself as a devout atheist from a very young age." (Accessed 13 June 2007)
- ^ "I was brought up as an agnostic... and when I first became a Christian in the Seventies I didn't really know what it was I'd adopted." Faith in Practice: Holding on to the Mystery of Love, by Bruce Cockburn as told to Cole Morton, Third Way, September 1994, page 15. (Accessed 13 June 2007)
- ^ "He converted from atheism to Christianity in his twenties after seeing how radically his patients' faith transformed their experience of suffering, and after reading several works by C.S. Lewis." The Question of God: Interview with Francis Collins, WGBH Educational Foundation, 2004 (Accessed 14 June 2007)
- ^ "[Stapleton and Flynt] formed a fast friendship, which resulted in Flynt’s surprising and publicized conversion to Christianity." Biography.com: Larry Flynt
- ^ [1]; [2]
- ^ Telegraph "She reacted strongly against her parents' beliefs and became a Catholic at 19, because she 'no longer found it possible to disbelieve in God.'" (pg 2)
- ^ Time Magazine from July 19, 1963 "Lepp has the credentials to explain the mind of the atheist: he was one himself for 27 years."
- ^ Catholic Net
- ^ "The Killer and the Pastor" article from Time.com
- ^ "Lewis lapsed into atheism in his teens but experienced a reconversion to Christianity in 1931." Lewis, C.S.. ( 2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved June 28, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online
- ^ John J. Drummond, Lester E. Embree. Phenomenological Approaches to Moral Philosophy: A Handbook; Sweetman, Brendan. Marcel and phenomenology: Can literature help philosophy?
- ^ http://www.theinterim.com/march98/18colleton.html
- ^ biography on official website
- ^ Interview for Christianity Today: I was so outspoken about not believing in God. I had real problems with Christians.]
- ^ statement of William J. Murray
- ^ Nathanson, Bernand Aborting America (1981 Pinnacle Books)
- ^ Marxism and Me by Marvin Olasky: My communism was based on atheism, and when I could no longer be an atheist, I resigned from the party.
- ^ Creators Syndicate Profile
- ^ The Guardian's obituary of Powell
- ^ University of Bielefeld
- ^ Chronicle of Higher Education article obituary(Copied by Gametheory.net) has the following "Because George was a fire-spitting atheist and Julia a devout Christian, their relationship was contentious from the beginning. After eight years, the marriage ended in acrimony." "On June 7th [1970] I gave in and admitted that God existed," he explained to friends.
- ^ Antiqbook
- ^ Interview with a Pentitent from Christianity Today
- ^ Article from the University of Wollongong
- ^ University of Chicago "made a spiritual journey from atheism to agnosticism before eventually converting to Catholicism"
- ^ Decibel Magazine
- ^ Strobel's official website calls him an "Atheist-turned-Christian." [3]
- ^ "He was conspicuously bohemian and agnostic..." "Waugh's Catholicism is an organic part of this oneness. In 1930 he was converted..." [4]
- ^ The Guardian Quote: Even though she was raised an atheist, in the past three or four years she has been going to church. In her eighth decade, she has even submitted to being baptised.
- ^ "At that time, I was an atheist." "...I was converted as I repented of my sins and asked God to accept me in Christ." My Spiritual Pilgrimage from Theistic Evolution to Creationism by Monty White
- ^ Advocates for self-government (A Libertarian site) says of him "A lifelong 'vehement, argumentative, proselytizing atheist,' Wright suffered a heart attack in 2003 and soon afterwards had a 'supernatural' religious experience that made him, he wrote, 'aware of a spiritual dimension of reality of which I had hitherto been unaware... I was altered down to the root of my being.' Wright is now a Christian.
- ^ Profile of Rev. David Yonggi Cho
- ^ Christianity Today newsletter
- ^ From Pearl Harbor to Calvary by Mitsuo Fuchida.
- ^ "God's on My Side" at nationmultimedia.com
- ^ LDS.org
- ^ Time Magazine
- ^ The Chinese Revolution and Chinese Communism
- ^ Canadian Christianity.com
- ^ Kim Foundation
- ^ Kim, Young-Sik, Ph.D. (2003). "The US-Korea relations: 1910–1945: A brief history of the US-Korea relations prior to 1945". . Association for Asian Research Retrieved on 2006-11-25.
- ^ Interview "I had a religious conversion and became a Christian. Before I followed Confucianism"
- ^ Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures
- ^ One of China's Scholars: The Culture & Conversion of a Confucianist
- ^ Spiritual Counterfeits Project page on Tal Brooke
- ^ Little India
- ^ Rediff
- ^ "Indian-born nun to succeed Mother Teresa" at cnn.com
- ^ "Women Excel"
- ^ On Point : The Party of Death - The Party of Death
- ^ a b Rendina, Claudio (2000). La grande enciclopedia di Roma. Rome: Newton Compton, 1136. ISBN 88-8289-316-2.
- ^ a b Pope baptizes one of Italy's most prominent Muslims at Easter vigil service
- ^ He saved me - The story of Hussain Andaryas from Afghanistan
- ^ Hutchison, Robert A. (1999). Their Kingdom Come: Inside the Secret World of Opus Dei. St. Martin's Press, 7. ISBN 0312193440. - "Sister Josephine Bakhita had been converted by force to Islam and then, freedom restored, had chosen Christianity".
- ^ Birdsall, Neville. Collected Papers in Greek And Georgian Textual Criticism, pg. 174.[5]; January 8th Saints.
- ^ (Tatar) "Үтәмешгәрәй". Tatar Encyclopedia. (2002). Kazan: Tatarstan Republic Academy of Sciences Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia.
- ^ (Tatar) "Үтәмешгәрәй". Tatar Encyclopedia. (2002). Kazan: Tatarstan Republic Academy of Sciences Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia.
- ^ (Tatar) "Үтәмешгәрәй". Tatar Encyclopedia. (2002). Kazan: Tatarstan Republic Academy of Sciences Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia.
- ^ Michael Khodarkovsky, Russia's Steppe Frontier, Indiana University Press, 2002, ISBN 0253217709, M1 Google Print, p. 265.
- ^ Nissim Dana, The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status, Sussex Academic press, 2003, ISBN 1903900360, Google Print, p. 6.
- ^ Gershom Scholem, 'Shabtai Zvi (1626–1676)', 'Frank, Jacob, and the Frankists', from Encyclopedia Judaica
- ^ Biography of Walid Shoebat
- ^ "The Rt Rev Hassan Dehqani-Tafti, Bishop of Iran who survived an assassination attempt and had to continue his ministry in exile", The Telegraph, 2008-05-05. Retrieved on 2008-05-11.
- ^ Friedman, Lisa. "Ex-Muslim calls on her people to reject hatred", Los Angeles Daily News, 5 June 2005. (reproduced)
- ^ The Written Defense of the Rev. Mehdi Dibaj Delivered to the Sari Court of Justice - Sari, Iran December 3, 1993
- ^ Latter-day Saint (Mormon) character in "Panther" (1997) (Eldridge Cleaver, Latter-day Saint)
- ^ John Clark Hammerback and Richard J. Jensen. "From Muslim to Mormon: Eldridge Cleaver's Rhetorical Crusade," Communication Quarterly, 34 (Winter 1986), 24-40.
- ^ Diplomats Concerned About Killing of Iranian Pastor
- ^ I Love Jeddah in the Springtime Time magazine
- ^ Islam, the West and the need for honesty
- ^ Against the Tides in the Middle East, International Academic Centre for Muslim Evangelism in South Africa, 1997 (published under the name "Mustafa").
- ^ Kabeer Gbaja-Biamila
- ^ Akbar Gbaja-Biamila Keeps the Faith - ("In college, Akbar converted to Christianity, while his father remains a Muslim.")
- ^ (Russian) Alexander Kazembek: Light from the East by Alexei Pylev. 13 April 2003. Retrieved 9 October 2006
- ^ Kabeer Gbaja-Biamila
- ^ Qadry Ismail's bio on TheGoal.com
- ^ Article on Raghib Ismail: Rocket shows strong path
- ^ Djibril Cisse - Biography "Cisse, originally a Muslim converted to Christianity."
- ^ Faith in Sports
- ^ Time Magazine
- ^ a b http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9002423/Carlos-Menem Encyclopedia Britannica- Carlos Menem]
- ^ Flight from Iran
- ^ You quizzed George Weah - BBC.com
- ^ Egypt The Muhammed Ali dynasty
- ^ Egypt
- ^ a b Article about Kusturica's religion on pionirovglasnik.com
- ^ Beyaz: Tuğçe Kazaz şehadet getirsin
- ^ The Indian Mutiny and the British Imagination by Gautam Chakravarty · Cambridge, 242 pp ISBN 0521832748
- ^ http://english.aljazeera.net/news/archive/archive?ArchiveId=21687
- ^ Okanla, Karim. "Benin's 'magical' leader", BBC news, Wednesday, 20 August, 2003.
- ^ Emily Ruete, (1888): Memoirs of an Arabian Princess from Zanzibar
- ^ Emily Ruete, Ulrich Haarmann (Editor), E. Van Donzel (Editor), Leiden, Netherlands, (1992): An Arabian Princess Between Two Worlds: Memoirs, Letters Home, Sequels to the Memoirs, Syrian Customs and Usages. Presents the reader with a picture of life in Zanzibar between 1850 - 1865, and with an intelligent observer's reactions to life in Germany in the Bismarck period. Emily Ruete's writings describe her attempts to recover her Zanzibar inheritance and her homesickness. ISBN 90-04-09615-9
- ^ Publisher's review for Memoirs of an Arabian Princess from Zanzibar - ("Despite strictures confining Islamic women, she trysted with a German who is thought to have impregnated her, fled to Germany where she converted to Christianity")
- ^ Orthodox Holiness: Two Turkish Saints
- ^ News of Kusturica's baptism on passagen.se
- ^ Amazon.com: Inside Islam: A Guide for Catholics: Books: Daniel Ali,Robert Spencer
- ^ [http://www.washingtontimes.com/culture/20031201-091332-2655r.htm
- ^ Massie, Robert K. (1981). Peter the Great. Soviet Union: Ballantine Books, 469. ISBN 0345298063.
- ^ Damien Simonis, Sarah Andrews, Spain, Lonely Planet, 2005, ISBN 1740597001, Google Print, pp. 743.
- ^ Christian Martyrs in Muslim Spain
- ^ Biography of Johannes Aveteranian
- ^ Hamid Pourmand: Imprisonment due to religious belief
- ^ Donald Fareed's testimony on the Persian ministries website
- ^ Prison Radicalization: Are Terrorist Cells Forming in U.S. Cell Blocks? Government testimony (PDF)
- ^ Daveed Gartenstein-Ross biography on his website
- ^ Former terrorist trades weapons for olive branch
- ^ CBC Radio | The Current | Whole Show Blow-by-Blow
- ^ Malika Oufkir: the American Making of a Moroccan Star
- ^ a b Catholic Online (December 10, 2007). Did Ramzi Yousef Really Convert to Christianity? (HTML). Catholic Online. Retrieved on 2008-03-19.
- ^ a b 60 minutes (December 10, 2007). Supermax: A Clean Version Of Hell (HTML). 60 minutes. Retrieved on 2008-03-19.
- ^ Ruffa Gutierrez reaffirms her Christian faith
- ^ Majumdar, Margaret (2002). Francophone Studies: The Essential Glossary. United States of America: Oxford University Press, 4. ISBN 0340806966.
- ^ Heirs of the Prophets: An account of the clergy and Priests of Islam, Samuel Marinus Zwemer, Moody press, 1946, p. 127 - "There are some examples which could easily be multiplied. Dr. Imad-ud-Din was a leading sufi and theologian in the Punjaub. He was appointed to preach against Dr. Pfander in the royal mosque at Agra; he read the Scriptures, believed and was baptised, and with another great theologian and sufi, Safdar Ali, became a missionary to his people. Afterwards he received a doctorate from Oxford University. His baptism took place New Year's Day, 1868, together with his aged father and brother. Other distinguished converts in the Punjab, such as Imam Shah, were also from the clergy."
- ^ Cryer, Neville Barker (1979). Bibles Across the World. United States of America: Mowbrays, 94. ISBN 0264664175.
- ^ TURKEY: CONVERTS SUBJECTED TO OFFICIAL HARASSMENT
- ^ Threats force Egyptian convert to hide, MAGGIE MICHAEL, Associated Press Writer Sat Aug 11, [6]
- ^ Beale, Lewis. "Precious Freedom. USA Weekend Magazine. November 9, 2003.
- ^ In Tibet and Chinese Turkestan: Being the Record of Three Years' Exploration, Henry Hugh Peter Deasy, pg. 284
- ^ Gulshan Esther, Alistair Mark Dean, Thelma Sangster, The Torn Veil: The Best-selling Story of Gulshan Esther, Zondervan (1992), pg.46, ISBN 055101153X
- ^ Marriages of the Holy Prophet
- ^ The Human Side In The Hajjah Of The Messenger of Allah
- ^ Constantine the African
- ^ Constantine the African, or Constantinus Africanus (medieval medical scholar)
- ^ Estevanico (aka Estevan, Esteban, Estebanico, Black Stephen, Stephen the Moor)
- ^ Michael Walsh, A New Dictionary of Saints: East and West, Liturgical Press, 2007, ISBN 081463186X, Google Print, p. 3.
- ^ Holweck, F. G. (1924). A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints. St. Louis: B. Herder Book Co., 84.
- ^ Is the 'prosperity gospel' prospering?
- ^ Petre, Jonathan (2005-10-08). 'Wealth' church leader practised what he preached. Telegraph. Retrieved on 2007-08-04. “the charismatic Mr Ashimolowo, a Nigerian-born convert from Islam”
- ^ Istoria şi tradiţiile minorităţii rromani, p.28, 2005, Sigma, Bucharest, Delia Grigore, Petre Petcuţ and Mariana Sandu - "Born to a Rom Muslim slave father and a free Romanian Christian mother, Razvan converted to Christianity, thereby, attracting the wrath of the Ottomans."
- ^ Vickers (2005), page 86
- ^ Benin's new president announced
- ^ A History of Orthodox Missions Among the Muslims. Yurij Maximov, Russian author and religious studies teacher in the Religious Studies at the Moscow Orthodox Seminary. Retrieved on 2007-08-17.
- ^ Joseph Patrich, The Sabaite Heritage in the Orthodox Church, Peeters Publishers, 2001, ISBN 9042909765, Google Print, p. 157.
- ^ L. P. Harvey, Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614: 1500 to 1614, University of Chicago Press, 2005, ISBN 0226319636, M1 Google Print, pp. 223Various Christian sources including the Christian historian, Marmol claim that with his dying breath Aben Humeya declared himself a Christian and said that what he had done was in the prosecution of a family feud.
- ^ The Kurdish Minority Problem, p.11, Dec. 1948, ORE 71-48, CIA "The first of the major Barzani revolts took place in 1931 after Sheikh Ahmed Barzani, one of the most prominent Kurdish leaders in Iraqi Kurdistan, announced his conversion to Christianity and succeeded in defeating a number of other Kurdish tribes as well as regular Iraqi troops." [7].
- ^ Schwaner, Birgit (2007-06-01). Der Abenteurer aus Ober St. Veit (German). Weiner Zeitung. Retrieved on 2008-01-19. “"He was absolved by the Pope for his conversion, which he reversed"”
- ^ Hussein Fardust, The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty:, Motilal Banarsidass, 1999, ISBN 8120816420, Google Print, pp. 122–123.
- ^ Saye Zerbo, président of the republic from 1980 to 1982 (article in French) "At once stopped, Saye Zerbo is thrown in prison. Since his imprisonment, the deposed president contemplates and reads the Qu'ran through whole nights. He also asks so that the Bible be brought to him that the archbishop of Ouagadougou, the cardinal Paul Zoungrana, had offered to him at the time of first Christmas following his takeover. At this point in time it will have the revelation which will change its life. In a mystical dash, Saye Zerbo is brought to his knees, returns thanks to God and converts to Christianity. His entire family will do the same thing thereafter."
- ^ Shooting suspect was baptized. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved on 2006-08-01.
- ^ Features : Chamillionaire: Here Comes the Reign
- ^ MuchMusic.com | Artists | Chamillionaire
- ^ JewishEncyclopedia.com - STATISTICS:
- ^ Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. "The Penguin Dictionary of Saints", 3rd edition. New York:Penguin Group, 1995. ISBN 0-140-51312-4.
- ^ a b c Holweck, F. G. "A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints". St. Louis, MO: B. Herder Book Co., 1924.
- ^ Alexander's Apostasy: First Steps to Jerusalem. by Brian Taylor, from the Jewish Genealogical Society of Great Britain
- ^ "Alphonsi, Petrus." Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- ^ "Baena, Juan Alfonso De." Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- ^ Nordisk familjebok, vol 1. A - Barograf
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao [8] Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906
- ^ Gregorovius, Ferdinand. Rome in the Middle Ages Vol. IV Part 1. 1905.
- ^ Hamy, Bulletin de Géographie, 1891, pp. 218-222.
- ^ Robert Blake, Disraeli, 3. Norman Gash, reviewing Blake's work, argued that Benjamin's claim to Spanish ancestry could not be entirely dismissed. Norman Gash, review of Disraeli, by Robert Blake. The English Historical Review, Vol. 83, No. 327. (Apr., 1968), 360-364.
- ^ Simon, John Pursued by Nazis and Other Demons, New York Times, July 12, 1992
- ^ Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades: Revisited, Clinton Heylin, pgs. 491-520; Down the Highway: The Life of Bob Dylan, Howard Sounes, pgs. 324-326, 356; The Rough Guide to Bob Dylan (2nd edition), Nigel Williamson, pgs. 112-113; Jewsweek: Bob Dylan's Unshakeable Monotheism -- Part III: The 1980s; Encyclopedia Britannica: Bob Dylan; Bob Dylan Finds His Source, from Christianity Today, Noel Paul Stookey, January 4, 1980; [9]; [10]; [11]; [12]; [13]; [14]; [15]; [16]
- ^ Bob Dylan: Tangled Up In Jews
- ^ Brian Dutton, Joaquín González Cuenca (editors), Cancionero de Juan Alfonso de Baena (Madrid: Visor Libros, 1993), 534-544.
- ^ Arthur Mandel: The Militant Messiah: The Story of Jacob Frank and the Frankists: Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press: 1979: ISBN 0-391-00973-7.
- ^ [17] Friedberg, Heinrich, von) Jewish Encyclopedia
- ^ Online bio - http://www.ariel.org/bioagf.htm
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, Gans, Eduard.
- ^ Carvajal, Mario. Vida y pasión de Jorge Isaacs. Manizales, 1937.
- ^ Duncan Kelly, "Revisiting the Rights of Man: Georg Jellinek on Rights and the State". Law and History Review vol. 22, no. 3 (Fall 2004).
- ^ Great Creation Scientists
- ^ A Brief Biography of Paul S.L. Johnson from the Present Truth Library, which catalogues the works of Paul S.L. Johnson.
- ^ http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=87&letter=K Kanitz, Felix Philipp] Jewish Encyclopedia, Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, Lehrs, Karl.
- ^ Adler, Jacob, A Life on the Stage: A Memoir, translated and with commentary by Lulla Rosenfeld, Knopf, New York, 1999, ISBN 0-679-41351-0. p. 200.
- ^ Duquin, Lorene Hanley, A Century of Catholic Converts, Our Sunday Visitor: Huntington, Indiana, 2003, pp. 114-116.
- ^ Wikipedia Entry
- ^ Famous Jewish Anglicans
- ^ BPSports.net - U.S. team at Ryder Cup led by believers in Jesus
- ^ The Observer
- ^ The tragedy of Gillian Rose - Jewish social critic | Judaism | Find Articles at BNET.com
- ^ Online Bio at http://www.jewsforjesus.org/about/headquarters/moishe
- ^ Moffett, Samuel Hugh, History of Christianity in Asia, Vol. 2: 1500-1900, Orbis Books: Maryknoll, New York, 2005, pg. 476.
- ^ Beliefnet.com
- ^ Garcia, Laura. “Edith Stein — Convert, Nun, Martyr.” Crisis 15, no. 6 (June 1997): 32-35
- ^ Long walk to freedom. The Guardian.
- ^ [18]
- ^ David Levy Yulee
- ^ Trinity Broadcasting Network Interview
- ^ Time on his involvement with PTL
- ^ "Good News for Israel" videos
- ^ Catholic Culture : Missing Page Redirect
- ^ [19]; [20]
- ^ The Northern Saints
- ^ Patron Saints Index: Saint Alban
- ^ Saint Patrick's Church: Saints of April 18
- ^ Bonaberi.com: A la découverte de Charles Atangana
- ^ God's Invisible Hand: The Life and Work of Francis Cardinal Arinze, an Interview with Gerard O'Connell, pp. 12–21 (Ignatius Press, 2006) ISBN 978-1-58617-135-3
- ^ CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Athenagoras
- ^ St. Bavo - Catholic Online
- ^ Borivoj I (Borivorius I) Duke of Bohemia\ Saint Ludmila
- ^ Untitled Document
- ^ Ecumenical Patriarchate
- ^ Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Book III, chapter 7.
- ^ [21]
- ^ Forum Romanum: the Temple of Vesta and the Vestal Virgins
- ^ CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Commodianus
- ^ CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Constantine the Great
- ^ EBK: King Constantine Sant of Dumnonia
- ^ Britannia EBK Biographies: St. Constantine, King of Strathclyde
- ^ Crowther, Samuel Ajayi, Nigeria, Anglican
- ^ Berkshire History: Biographies: St. Abban of Abingdon
- ^ Patron Saints Index: Saint Cyriacus
- ^ CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite
- ^ Raedwald - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
- ^ D.H. Farmer, The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (Oxford 1978). ISBN 0-19-282038-9.
- ^ BBC - History - Leif Erikson (11th century)
- ^ Patron Saints Index: Saint Eustachius
- ^ [22], [23]
- ^ CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Caius Marius Victorinus
- ^ [24], [25]
- ^ Biographies
- ^ CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Saint Honoratus
- ^ Studiolum
- ^ Jogaila (1350-1434)
- ^ Patron Saints Index: Saint Julius the Veteran
- ^ The Woman Who Changed A Kingdom - Hawaiian Queen Ka'ahumanu
- ^ [http://www.carleton.ca/gallery/Creature/Bios.html}
- ^ CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Ethelbert (King of Kent)
- ^ Jomo Kenyatta
- ^ Patron Saints Index: Saint Vladimir I of Kiev
- ^ Green, John Richard. "A short history of the English people".
- ^ CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Lucius Caecilius Firmianus Lactantius
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Ludmilla
- ^ Bernard Mizeki, Catechist and Martyr in Africa
- ^ CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Justin Martyr
- ^ Allen, Grant. "Anglo-Saxon Britain"., [26]
- ^ Dictionary Of New Zealand Biography
- ^ [27], [28]
- ^ Patron Saints Index: Saint Leonard of Noblac
- ^ Rollo of Normandy
- ^ Samson Occom, Christian Convert
- ^ EBK: St. Edwin, King of Northumbria
- ^ Olav Haraldsson
- ^ Patron Saints Index: Saint Pancras
- ^ Body Theology - St. Panteleimon
- ^ Pocahontas
- ^ [29], [30]
- ^ [31]
- ^ February 21: Ranavalona II; Christian History Institute
- ^ Viking in the Netherlands
- ^ [32]
- ^ Patron Saints Index: Saint Sabinian of Troyes
- ^ Rock Paper Scissors - Ladysmith Black Mambazo, Raise Your Spirit Higher (Heads Up) - Concert Preview
- ^ Apologia ad Autolycum i. 14, ii. 24.
- ^ Reading Islam.com: What Really Happened Up There?
- ^ Brother Bakht Singh Website
- ^ Anglo Sikh Heritage Trail: Maharajah Duleep Singh.
- ^ A hindu sikh sadhu (Sundar Singh) met by Jesus Christ
- ^ The best interview ever with the lead men of UnderOath Norma Jean As I Lay Dying - Buzznet
- ^ Wonderful Words of Life: Hymns in American Protestant History and Theology By Richard J. Mouw, Mark A. Noll (Accessed 14 June 2007)
- ^ "In the winter of 1959 [René Girard] experienced a conversion to Christian faith which had been preceded by a kind of intellectual conversion while he was working on his first book." René Girard:A Biographical Sketch, by James G. Williams